Table 18- 1 Quality Requirements of Siliceous Raw Materials for Flat Glass
Note: the content of 1 The +0.5 mm size fraction of superior products shall not exceed 5.5%, including +0.7 1 mm size fraction.
2. The moisture requirement of products at all levels shall not exceed 5%.
3. Allowable fluctuation values of stable chemical composition of products at all levels: superior product SiO2 0.20%, Al2O3 0. 10%, Fe2O3 0.0 1%, first-class product SiO2 0.25%, Al2O3 0.15%: second-class product SiO2 0.05. The third and fourth grade products are 0.30% silica and 0.30% alumina.
4. When the ore contains chromite, chromite spinel, zircon, sillimanite and other refractory minerals, black spots often appear on the glass. At present, the number of allowed black spots per square meter of flat glass products is limited, so attention should be paid to the evaluation of refractory mineral content and particle size when evaluating ore quality.
5. For the ore that can't meet the requirements and needs to be selected, the quality requirements of the raw ore can be determined according to the beneficiation test results or analogy with mines with analogy conditions. When evaluating the quality of ore with washed samples, the requirements of raw ore quality or washed sand quality and sand content should be determined according to the results of washing test or beneficiation test and after economic, technical and economic argumentation.
Table 18-2 Quality Requirements of Silica Raw Materials for Glassware
The geological work of siliceous raw material mines in china glass is relatively in-depth. Of the 192 deposits with proven reserves, 63 have been proved (accounting for 30%), 8 1 deposit has been investigated in detail (accounting for 42%) and 48 (accounting for 25%) have been surveyed. More than 80% of the mineral resources that have been used and more than 70% of the mineral resources that can be used in the near future have been explored or investigated in detail.
I. Metallogenic geological conditions
The origin of siliceous raw material deposits in china glass is mainly sedimentary, and its metallogenic age and distribution area are wide, ranging from Proterozoic to Cenozoic, occurring in platform areas and geosyncline fold zones. The spatial occurrence position of sedimentary deposits is obviously controlled by stratigraphic horizon (table 18-3), and the regional distribution of deposits is influenced by sedimentary paleogeographic environment and geotectonics, and is often characterized by strip or sheet distribution.
Table 18-3 Main occurrence horizons of China sedimentary glassy raw material deposit
(According to Qin Dynasty, 1999a)
Quartz deposits mainly occur in the secondary subsidence zone and Qilian fold zone of North China platform, and are also distributed in Yangtze platform. The ore-bearing strata are mostly Precambrian, and some are Silurian and Devonian. The main metallogenic areas are quartzite (timely sandstone) in Liaoning, Hebei and Henan, which extends from Changbai Mountain in Jilin to Henan through Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing and Shanxi, and is generally distributed in the northeast, strictly controlled by Sinian ore-bearing strata. The ore-forming area has many deposits, large scale, good quality and moderate location, which is an important development and utilization object of the glass industry at present. Another metallogenic area is the Xining-Bohai Bay quartzite (seasonal sandstone) distribution belt distributed in the western margin of the Sino-Korean platform. The scale and quality of the deposit are not as good as the former, but it is the main object of development and utilization in northwest China. The main metallogenic belt of sedimentary metamorphic quartzite is the southern Liaoning-Fengyang quartzite distribution belt. Deposits are found in Zhuanghe, Liaoning, Pixian, Jiangsu, Fengyang, Anhui and other places, and generally distributed intermittently in the north-south direction. At present, there are not many mining and utilization.
Quartz sandstone deposits mainly occur in the sedimentary cover of Yangtze platform, and the occurrence horizon is mainly Devonian, followed by Sinian, Cambrian, Jurassic, Triassic, Paleogene and Neogene. Ore beds often occur in shallow sea facies or marine facies deposits. The main metallogenic area is the distribution area of timely sandstone in the Yangtze River basin, starting from Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the east, reaching Hubei in the west, Hanzhong in Shaanxi in the north and Hunan and Guizhou in the south. The mineral deposits are large in quantity, large in scale and good in quality, which are the main targets for the development and utilization of glass industry in southern China. In addition, many large quartz sandstone deposits were discovered in Cambrian in Yinan, Linyi and Cangshan, forming another sandstone metallogenic area in time.
Marine sedimentary quartz sand deposits are mainly distributed in the Quaternary littoral sediment in the east of China and along the coast of Jiaodong Peninsula. The main metallogenic belt is the quartz sand mine distribution belt along the southern coast, which starts from southern Fujian in the north, including Huidong, Yangxi, Leizhou and northern Hainan in Guangdong, and finally reaches Beihai in Guangxi, which is the main development and utilization object of China sea sand mine. Quartz sand deposits in rivers and lakes are mainly distributed in the Quaternary system of Tongliao Basin at the junction of Inner Mongolia, Jilin and Liaoning. Tongliao quartz sand mine is distributed in Xiliaohe-Liuhe area, and the deposits are mainly concentrated along Dazheng Railway, which is one of the main supply bases of glass Shi Ying raw materials in northern China. River alluvial quartz sand (rock) deposits are mainly distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Neogene in Suqian, Anhui Province. Lacustrine quartz sand deposits were found in Quaternary in the first or second terrace on the east bank of Poyang Lake in Hukou-Yongxiu area, Jiangxi Province, and some deposits have been used by nearby glass factories.
Although various types of glassy siliceous raw material deposits formed by sedimentation have the characteristics of regional distribution, they generally do not exist continuously. Due to the lack of siliceous sources in sedimentary areas, simple sedimentary environment or landform, complicated crustal movement and geological structure destruction, and the pollution of ore by later factors, many blank areas often appear in various metallogenic areas (belts). For example, there are Devonian ore-bearing strata in the Yangtze River basin and Jiangxi Yingshi sandstone distribution area. However, due to secondary factors,
The formation of vein-like isochronous deposits is related to magmatic hydrothermal process, and mainly occurs in metamorphic rock areas or the development parts of granite bedrock pegmatite. In the process of intrusive evolution, granite magma differentiated into hydrothermal solution rich in SiO2 _ 2, bedding and fractures invaded metamorphic rock series, or invaded along the contact fracture zone of early magmatic rocks, forming vein quartzite ore bodies. In addition, there is a hydrothermal contact metasomatic deposit formed by silicon-rich hydrothermal metasomatic dolomite in the dolomite of Cangdanqiao Formation of Ebian Group in the pre-Sinian system in Ebian, Sichuan. Vein-like chronological deposits are mostly distributed at the junction of different structural units, and the metallogenic age is mainly Archean, and the surrounding rocks are mostly gneiss and migmatite. The time-dependent veins formed in relatively stable structures are simple in shape, highly differentiated and rich in ores. Among the granite rocks produced by bedrock, the larger the rock mass, the more time-dependent veins and the wider the distribution range. The main producing areas of vein-like chronotropic deposits are Luobei in Heilongjiang, Qingyang in Anhui, Anji in Zhejiang, Qichun in Hubei, Tunchang in Hainan and Leshan in Sichuan.
Generally speaking, the temporal and spatial distribution of siliceous raw material deposits in china glass is obviously regional. Proterozoic deposits are located in the north of the Yangtze River, Devonian deposits are only found in the south, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits are more in the south than in the north. The ore-forming geological age of this deposit is ancient, with large scale and good ore quality. Proterozoic deposits are better than Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and the ore quality of sandy deposits formed in Cenozoic has been improved, and there are deposits with high structural maturity and composition maturity. Generally speaking, the ore quality of southern placer is better than that of northern placer.
Two. Main types and geological characteristics of mineral deposits
The genetic types of siliceous raw material deposits in china glass can be divided into sedimentary deposits and hydrothermal deposits. The deposits that account for 88% of the total mineral resources belong to sedimentary deposits, and the retained ore reserves account for 99% of the total retained ore reserves, of which 90% are marine sedimentary deposits and 9% are continental sedimentary deposits. The shrinkage reserves of hydrothermal deposits, which account for 12% of the total reserves, only account for 1% of the total shrinkage reserves. According to the genesis and ore types, the deposit can be divided into six types.
1. marine sedimentary (including sedimentary metamorphism) quartzite deposit
The ore reserves of such deposits account for about 58% of the total retained ore reserves. Among them, most of the deposits were formed in the tectonic subsidence zone at the edge of the platform, belonging to coastal-foreshore deposits, which were formed by late diagenesis and slight metamorphism. It has corrugated traces and cross bedding, thick seam, simple mineral composition, high grinding degree of mineral particles and good sorting. There is usually a thin clayey sandstone or sandy clayey rock interlayer in coal seam. Some deposits are mainly produced in the metamorphic rock series of Liaohe Group in Yuanguyu or its corresponding horizon, formed in the coastal high-energy shoal environment, and experienced regional metamorphism after diagenesis, when sandstone was metamorphic to quartzite. The ore body has large thickness, regular shape, few interlayers, compact ore structure and pure mineral composition.
This kind of deposit is generally large in scale, and the ore body is layered, with a thickness of tens of meters to hundreds of meters, no interlayer or few interlayers, and the interlayer distribution is regular. It accounts for more than 95% ~ 99% of the mineral composition of the ore in time, and does not contain feldspar, clay minerals and cuttings. Common trace minerals are mica, tourmaline, zircon, rutile, magnetite and apatite. Siliceous cementation and secondary pig iron dyeing are not serious. Chemical composition of ore: W (SiO _ 2) 96.42% ~ 99.78%, generally less than 97%; w(al2o 3)0. 14% ~ 1.5%； Generally less than1%; W (Fe2O3) is 0.08% ~ < 0.2%, generally < 0. 15%. The ore quality is good, and the particle size is mainly fine, generally 0.2 ~ 0.4 mm
Example of deposit: Xiaopingdingshan quartzite deposit in Benxi, Liaoning Province
The deposit is a marine sedimentary deposit, located in the subsidence zone of Taizihe River on the Sino-Korean platform. This coal seam is a quartzite of Diaoyutai Formation in Xihe System of Sinian System, with regular thin layer and extremely thick layer, with a single layer thickness greater than 13 ~ 17m and a total thickness greater than 1 10m. The ore body is monoclinic and gently inclined, with regular shape and stable change. There are three layers of hydromica argillaceous sandstone and shale interlayer, with the thickness of1.3 ~ 5.6m. The ore is grayish white and pure white, with dense massive structure and medium-coarse granular structure. The seasonal content is generally 98% ~ 99%, containing trace tourmaline, zircon, magnetite, apatite, biotite and sphene. Siliceous cementation, the cementation has been recrystallized. The chemical composition of the ore in each seam is basically the same: W (SiO _ 2) is generally 98% ~ 99%, W (Al _ 2O _ 3) is 0.2% ~ 0.7%, and W (Fe _ 2O _ 3) is 0.03% ~ 0.07%. The ore quality is very good, the change is extremely stable, and the interlayer is easy to distinguish and eliminate. Faults are developed in the mining area, and iron pollution near larger faults is serious, which leads to the reduction of ore quality to Grade II. This large-scale deposit has been developed and utilized for more than 30 years, and it is the main source of raw materials of vitreous silica in Northeast China (Figure 18- 1).
2. Marine deposits (including lacustrine deposits) Shi Ying sandstone deposits.
The ore reserves of this type of deposit account for about 15% of the total retained ore reserves. Sediments are generated in the coastal areas of the continental margin of the ancient land or the edge of the ancient uplift, and are mostly deposited in the intertidal zone-supratidal zone of the coastal areas. During sedimentation, the crust stability is poor, and sedimentation and denudation interact. The ore-bearing rock series is a set of shale or sand shale-sandstone-sand shale. The bottom is often quartz sand conglomerate, sand shale thin layer or lens in sandstone, or mud conglomerate. There are wedge-shaped bedding and staggered bedding in the cracks, and cracks, insect marks and ripple marks can be seen on the horizon.
Quartz sandstone deposits belonging to this type are Qingming Mountain in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Lei Zi Pai in Xiangtan, Hunan and Wan Chao in Kaili, Guizhou, all of which are large in scale. The ore bodies are layered, generally with 2 ~ 3 or 4 ~ 5 layers of ore, with a thickness of tens of meters, but rarely more than 50 meters. The shape of the ore bodies is still stable, and most of them contain irregular layered or lenticular interlayers. The mineral composition of the ore is more than 95% with a grain size of 0.2 ~ 0.5 mm, which is angular-sub-circular and contains a small amount of feldspar, clay minerals and cuttings. Common trace minerals include mica, tourmaline, zircon, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite, hematite and apatite. Siliceous and clayey cementation, with different degrees of secondary pig iron dyeing. Chemical composition of ore: W (SiO _ 2) 95.58% ~ 99.75%, generally greater than 96%; w(al2o 3)0.29% ~ 3%； Generally less than1.5%; w(fe2o 3)0.0 1% ~ 0.24%； Generally less than 0.2%. The raw ore quality of this kind of ore is generally not as good as quartzite ore, and the ore quality of different deposits is also different, but the ore washability is generally good, and high-quality concentrate can be obtained after beneficiation.
Fig. 18- 1 geological sketch of xiaopingdingshan quartzite mining area in Benxi, Liaoning province according to Qin Yuanxi, 1999b)
In addition, the Mesozoic sandstone distributed in Jiangjin, Yongchuan, Sichuan and Dangyang, Hubei belongs to continental lake deposits. The mineral composition of ore is complex, argillaceous cementation, high content of harmful components and poor quality, but the ore structure is soft, which is beneficial to mining and dressing. This kind of deposit is small in quantity and scale. At present, there are few mineral deposits developed and utilized, and the types of mineral deposits are not listed separately.
Example of deposit: Qingmingshan quartz sandstone deposit in Xukou, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province
The deposit belongs to marine sedimentary deposit. The mining area is close to Taihu Lake, and the ore-bearing stratum is Upper Devonian Wu Tong Formation. The seams are blue-gray medium-thick layered medium-coarse-grained timely sandstone and gray-white thick-layered medium-coarse-grained timely sandstone, which are layered, with exposed length1200m, width190 ~ 320m, average thickness10.29m and 20.70m, and monoclinically produced with an inclination of 60. There are many shale interlayers in the ore body, which are lenticular and irregularly distributed. It accounts for 95% ~ 98% of the mineral composition of the ore, and contains trace zircon, rutile and apatite. 70% ~ 80% of the ore size is 0.74 ~ 0.65438±0mm, with siliceous cementation and a small amount of sericite and iron cementation. Chemical composition of ore: 98.30% ~ 97.34% W (SiO _ 2), 0.86% ~ 1.4% W (Fe2O3), 0. 160% ~ 0. 147%. The deposit is large in scale and has been developed and utilized for many years.
Figure 18-2 Geological sketch of seasonal sandstone in Qingming Mountain, Xukou, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province According to Qin Yuanxi, 1999c)
3. Marine sedimentary quartz sand ore
The ore reserves of this type of deposit account for about 17% of the total retained ore reserves. The deposit is distributed along the coast, belonging to the coastal foreshore subtidal-intertidal sedimentary placer, which is accumulated in the high-energy environment of strong wave action and tidal action. Generally speaking, when the submerged depth of seawater is about 5 ~ 10m, mineralization is the most favorable. Ore-forming materials are mostly terrigenous, distributed in granite and migmatite along the coast of Jiaodong in China, which provide rich material sources for placers. Generally, the larger the exposed area of provenance bedrock, the easier it is to form a larger sand layer in coastal areas.
Quartz sand mines belonging to this type include Wulong in Dongshan, Fujian, Gaby in Huidong, Dagou in Yangdong, Qishui in Leizhou, Baxu in Dongfang, Hainan, Baihutou in Beihai, Guangxi and Xukou in Rongcheng, Shandong. Most deposits are large. Deposits are generally from tens of centimeters to 1m above sea level, and the beach surface or mine plane is inclined at a small angle to the sea surface. The bottom of coal seam is sandy clay rich in organic matter in coastal intertidal zone. The ore body is layered, several meters to more than ten meters thick, containing lenticular interlayer, mostly organic clay sand. It accounts for more than 90% ~ 99% of the mineral composition of the ore, with fine particles, uniform particle size and good sorting, and contains a small amount of feldspar, clay minerals and cuttings. Common trace minerals are mica, tourmaline, zircon, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite, white titanium ore, garnet, monazite and so on. And secondary pig iron dyeing of some chromium-containing spinel in different degrees. Chemical composition of ore: W (SiO 2) 92. 12% ~ 98.45%, generally greater than 92%; W (Al2O3) 0. 1% ~ 3.5%, generally less than 2.5%; W (Fe2O3) is 0.0 1% ~ 0.2 1%, generally less than 0.2%. The ore quality is good, although there are changes in each producing area, there are certain regularity, and there is a close relationship between mineral composition, chemical composition and particle composition.
Example of deposit: Xitou quartz sand mine in Yangxi, Guangdong.
The deposit is a coastal sand dike type sand deposit deposited in the coastal bay environment. The seam is white and grayish white quartz sand deposited in modern times, which is curved lentil-shaped and distributed in the sea or sand dike, with a thickness of 3.68 ~ 0.29 m and an average thickness of 1.67m, accounting for 97% of the mineral composition of the ore, and containing a small amount of feldspar, mica, iron mud and tourmaline, ilmenite, anatase, albite, monazite, zircon, etc. 0.75 ~ 0. 1 mm accounts for 8 1.53% ~ 83.52%. Chemical composition of ore: generally, the content of silica is above 99%, W (Al2O3) is 0.20% ~ 0.26%, and W (Fe2O3) is 0.054% ~ 0.079%. The ore quality is stable, and there is no interlayer in the seam. The deposit is large in scale and can be used for further work.
4. River sedimentary quartz sand ore containing feldspar and clay.
This kind of ore reserves account for about 6% of the total retained ore reserves, which are distributed in quartz sand deposits such as Hujingzui in Lanzhou, Gansu Province and Sidaoquan in Otog Banner, Inner Mongolia, and belong to riparian floodplain deposits. Quartz sand deposits such as Baimajian in Suqian, Jiangsu Province and Chenggang in Xinyi are distributed at the junction of yi river, Shuhe and Luoma Lake in Jiangsu Province, at the foot of Maling Mountain, and belong to river delta facies deposits. High-grade quartz sand concentrate can be obtained by cross bedding development, complex structure, great thickness variation, poor ore quality, weak clay cementation, sand-mud separation after elutriation, further mineral processing and feldspar separation. Quartz sand deposits, such as Tuerjishan, Ganqika and Zhanggutai, distributed in Tongliao Basin in Northeast China, belong to fluvial-lacustrine deposits, with stable distribution, uniform mineral composition and particle size, simple internal structure and black and gray clay sand layers containing organic matter as interlayers. After the Holocene basin rose, aeolian deposits were produced, forming the present aeolian landscape.
The scale of deposits is from small to large. The ore bodies are irregular or lenticular, generally several meters thick, and contain lenticular interlayers composed of different ore bodies or clay layers, with irregular distribution. It accounts for 80% ~ 95% of the mineral composition of the ore, and contains more feldspar, clay minerals and cuttings. The common trace minerals are mica, tourmaline, zircon, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite, garnet, epidote and chlorite, with different degrees of secondary pig iron dyeing. Chemical composition of ore: w (SiO _ 2) 81.70% ~ 98.46%; w(al2o 3) 1.5% ~ 9.29%； Tungsten (ferric oxide) 0.07%~ 1.03%.
Example of deposit: Baimajian quartz sand mine in Suqian, Jiangsu Province
The deposit belongs to river alluvial quartz sand mine containing feldspar and clay, which is located in the transition zone between Yiling of Maling Mountain range and Shuhe alluvial plain in northern Jiangsu Province. The ore bodies occur in clayey feldspathic timely sandstone containing clayey rocks in Suqian Formation of Neogene, and the burial depth is generally 2 ~ 3m, with the deepest reaching 10m. There are 4 ~ 5 coal seams in the south of the mining area with a total thickness of 10m, and there are two coal seams in the north with a thickness of 4 ~ 5m. Some ore bodies are regularly layered, and no large interlayer is found. Some of them are bifurcated and layered, with many interlayers and irregular distribution. Ore is a mixture of sand and mud, and its cementation is not firm. The content of cemented mud is 30% ~ 50%, and the content of ore after elutriation is 44.30% ~ 77.84%, generally about 60%. The grain size of the ore varies greatly, mainly coarse sand larger than 0.74 mm, with a duration of 85% ~ 95%, feldspar of 5% and cuttings 10%. Medium-fine sand less than 0.74 mm has a duration of 30%-85%, feldspar of 5%-60%, and a small amount of chlorite, limonite, mica, rutile, garnet, tourmaline, zircon, magnetite, hematite, biotite and muscovite. The chemical composition of the raw ore is: 83.35% W (silica), 9.29% W (alumina) and 0/.03% W (Fe2O3). After elutriation, 88% ~ 94% W (silica) and 2.5% ~ 4.5% W (alumina).
5. Lacustrine sedimentary quartz sand ore containing feldspar
The ore reserves of such deposits account for about 3% of the total retained ore reserves. Modern lakeside sedimentary quartz sand deposits are mainly distributed in Hukou, Yongxiu and other places on the east bank of Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, and are still receiving lacustrine deposits. During deposition, the wave energy of lake water is high, mainly beating and wandering, which has strong elutriation effect on sand layer, pure sand and good separation. But sometimes it is mixed with lakeside gravel, and sometimes it is exposed to the water surface, forming an organic argillaceous interlayer deposited in a local swamp. The scale of deposits is from small to large. The ore body is layered and several meters thick, and the distribution law between layers is regular. It accounts for more than 90% of the mineral composition and contains more feldspar and cuttings. Common trace minerals are mica, tourmaline, rutile, magnetite, garnet, epidote and chlorite. Dyed with different degrees of pig iron. Chemical composition of ore: W (SiO _ 2) 92% ~ 95.54%, generally 93%; W (Al2O3) 0. 1% ~ 5.5%, generally 2.5%; W (Fe2O3) is 0.07% ~ 0.32%, generally 0. 16%.
Example of deposit: Song Feng quartz sand mine in Yongxiu, Jiangxi.
The deposit belongs to lacustrine sedimentary feldspar-bearing quartz sand mine, which is located in Poyang Lake at 15km northeast of Yongxiu County and belongs to Quaternary Holocene loose accumulation. The ore bodies are distributed on lake flood piles, and are layered, with stable thickness, generally 2 ~ 3m, and the maximum thickness can reach more than 5m. Time 92%, feldspar 5%, a small amount of mica, tourmaline, amphibole, garnet, limonite and so on. The particle size is uniform, accounting for 72. 1% with a diameter greater than 0.74 mm. Chemical composition of ore: SiO292%~95% ~ 95%, Al2O3 1.95% ~ 3.95%, Fe2O3 30.07% ~ 0.25% ~ 0.25%. The scale of the deposit is medium, and there is a large mine near Songmen, which can be selected and utilized.
6. Hydrothermal vein-like timed deposits.
This kind of ore reserves account for about 1% of the total retained ore reserves. The synchronic deposits formed by magmatic hydrothermal process in Lingqiu Mountain in Qichun, Hubei Province and Weiyaba Mountain in Xinjiang are of this type. Most of the deposits are small and some are large. The ore body is vein-shaped, with a thickness of several meters to tens of meters, and contains no or a small amount of xenoliths from surrounding rocks. The mineral composition of timely ores can reach more than 99%, and some contain trace pyrite, specularite, hematite, chalcopyrite, galena, muscovite, sericite and so on. Chemical composition of ore: SiO 2 965 438+0.56% ~ 99.74%, generally greater than 97%; Al2O3 0. 17% ~ 1.60%, generally less than1%; Fe2O3 0. 15% ~ 0.02%, generally less than 0. 1%.
Figure 18-3 Geological schematic diagram of Yingshi Mine in Lingqiu Mountain Range, Qichun, Hubei Province (according to Qin Yuanxi, 1999d).
Example of deposit: Yingshi deposit in Lingqiu mountain range, Qichun, Hubei Province.
The deposit belongs to hydrothermal deposit. Hydrothermal fluids rich in SiO2 _ 2 are separated from granite magma in Lvliang, and bedding intrudes into biotite plagioclase gneiss, granite gneiss and amphibole of Hongan Formation in Archean Dabie Mountain Group, forming vein-like timed ore bodies. * * * See Figure 6 (Kloc-0/8-3), the occurrence is consistent with the surrounding rock, mainly simple veins, and the sizes of veins are quite different. The main veins are M 1, m2150 ~ 280m, and the thickness is 20 ~ 39m. The ore is almost entirely composed of quartz, the grain size is generally 65438±0mm, and some of it is larger than 2mm, containing trace pyrite, muscovite, sericite, chlorite, molybdenite and ferromanganese. Chemical composition of ore: about 299% silica, less than 0.5% alumina, generally 0.02% ferric oxide. Ore has stable chemical composition and excellent quality, and most of them are Grade I products, which can be used as raw materials for producing high-grade glass. The scale of the deposit is already large. After years of exploitation and utilization, the reserved reserves belong to small mines.
Three. Resource distribution and metallogenic regularity
The siliceous raw materials in china glass are widely distributed (see figure 18-4). Shi Ying minerals are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Liaoning and Shaanxi. Yingshi sandstone deposits are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong. Quartz sand mines are mainly distributed in Fujian, Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi, northwestern Hainan and northern Shandong coastal areas, as well as in the eastern part of Xiliao River, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Poyang Lake and luoma lake. Vein-like timely minerals are distributed in metamorphic rock areas of Sichuan, Heilongjiang and Hubei. The general situation of mineral resources of vitreous silica raw materials in various regions is as follows.
Figure 18-4 Schematic diagram of the distribution of siliceous crude ore in china glass.
North China is mainly composed of timely sandstone or quartzite minerals distributed in northern, southwestern and southwestern Hebei and quartz sand minerals in northeastern Inner Mongolia. Northeast China is mainly composed of Shi Ying minerals distributed in Liaoning, Shi Ying minerals in western Jilin and northern Liaoning. East China is mainly distributed in timely sandstone mines in southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu, quartz sand mines in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, northeastern Shandong and southern Fujian, vein timely mines in Poyang Lake in Jiangxi and luoma lake in Jiangsu, Anji in Zhejiang and Qingyang in Anhui. The central and southern regions are mainly timely sandstone mines distributed in northwest Hunan, Wuhan, Hubei and Dangyang, timely mines in Qichun, Hubei and Tunchang, Hainan, and abundant quartz sand mines are distributed in the coastal areas of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. The southwest of China is mainly timely sandstone deposits, which are distributed in Kunming, Jiangyou, Yongchuan, Gongxian, Kaili and Liuzhi of Guizhou. Northwest China is mainly composed of quartzite minerals distributed in Datong, Qinghai and Hanzhong, Shaanxi. Timely sandstone deposits in Shenmu, Huinong and Kuqa, Ningxia; And quartz sand mines in Lanzhou, Gansu, Changji, Xinjiang and Guyuan, Ningxia.
The scale of siliceous raw materials in china glass is mainly large, accounting for 67% of the total deposits, with medium-sized mines accounting for 12%, small-sized mines accounting for 13% and extremely small mines accounting for 8%. 99% of the reserves are concentrated in large mines. The raw ore grade of glassy silica raw material is not high. Generally speaking, the quality of rock ore is better than that of placer, and the pulse-like sandstone is the best, quartzite is better than that of timely sandstone, northern sandstone is better than southern sandstone, and sea sand is better than continental sand. The content of Fe2O3 in quartzite is 0. 12% ~ 1%, most of which is less than 0.2%. 0.06% ~ 1. 12% in timely sandstone, mostly less than 0.3%; The pulse response time is 0.03% ~ 0.25%, and most of them are less than 0.05%. 0. 1% ~ 2.5% in quartz sand, mostly less than 0.6%. Al2O3 content in ore is related to feldspar content, ranging from 0.1%to10%.
Most of the siliceous raw material mining areas in china glass are single minerals, and only 1 1 mining area has * * * (associated) minerals. Among them: timely sandstone, metallurgical sandstone, cement sandstone or ceramic soil from Gaozhuang-Guangluzhuang in Fangshan, Shandong, Jianye Mountain, Liutiaogou in Huinong, Berlin in Yongchuan, Sichuan, and Ankou in Huating, Gansu; Quartzite and diopside or illite are produced in Changle, Pingdu, Zhejiang Yutang, Pingyang and Datong Xiegou, Qinghai. Liujiachong pulse in Dawu, Hubei Province contains mica in time, and the above primary minerals can be comprehensively utilized. There are associated kaolin, potash feldspar or zircon and ilmenite in quartz sand in Nehe Quansheng, Heilongjiang and Wenchang, Hainan, which are difficult to be utilized in the near future.