Article 22 Assets are economic resources owned or controlled by an enterprise that can be measured in money, including all kinds of property, creditor's rights and other rights.
Article 23 Assets are divided into current assets, long-term investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, deferred assets and other assets.
Article 24 Current assets refer to assets that can be realized or consumed within a business cycle of more than one year, including cash and various deposits, short-term investments, receivables and prepayments, inventories, etc.
Twenty-fifth cash and various deposits should be accounted for according to actual income and expenditure.
Article 26 Short-term investments refer to all kinds of securities that can be realized at any time and held for no more than one year, as well as other investments for no more than one year.
Securities shall be accounted for according to the actual cost at the time of acquisition.
The current income of securities and the difference between the income obtained from the transfer of securities and the book cost shall be included in the current profit and loss.
Short-term investments shall be presented as book balances in accounting statements.
Article 27 Receivables and prepayments include notes receivable, accounts receivable, other receivables, prepaid loans, prepaid expenses, etc.
Receivables and prepayments shall be accounted for according to the actual amount.
Accounts receivable can be used as bad debt reserve. Bad debt provision is listed as accounts receivable provision in accounting statements.
All receivables and prepayments should be liquidated and recovered in time, and the accounts should be checked with each other regularly. If provision for bad debts is made for accounts receivable that have been confirmed to be irrecoverable, the provision for bad debts shall be written off; If no provision for bad debts is made, it will be regarded as bad debt loss and included in the current profit and loss.
The prepaid expenses shall be shared according to the benefit period, and the unamortized balance shall be listed separately in the accounting statements.
Article 28 Inventory refers to all kinds of assets stored by an enterprise for sale or consumption in the process of production and operation, including commodities, finished products, semi-finished products, products in process, various materials, fuels, packaging materials and low-value consumables.
All kinds of inventories shall be accounted for according to the actual cost at the time of acquisition. If the planned cost or norm cost method is used for daily accounting, the cost difference shall be carried forward on schedule, and the planned cost or norm cost shall be adjusted to the actual cost.
When issuing various inventories, enterprises can choose to use FIFO method, weighted average method, moving average method, individual valuation method and LIFO method to determine their actual costs according to the actual situation.
All kinds of inventories should be inspected and counted regularly. Inventory gains, losses, obsolescence, deterioration, damage, etc. If it needs to be scrapped, it shall be disposed of in time and included in the current profit and loss.
Various inventories should be listed at actual cost in accounting statements.
Twenty-ninth long-term investment refers to the investment that is not going to be realized within one year, including stock investment, bond investment and other investments.
Stock investment and other investments should be accounted for by cost method or equity method respectively according to different situations.
Bond investment should be accounted for according to actual payment. If the actual payment includes accrued interest, it shall be accounted for separately.
For bonds purchased at a premium or discount, the difference between the actual price paid and the face value of the bonds shall be amortized in installments before the maturity of the bonds.
Accrued interest during the duration of bond investment, as well as the difference between the principal and interest recovered at the time of sale and the book cost of the bond and the accrued interest that has not been recovered, are included in the current profit and loss.
Long-term investments shall be itemized in accounting statements.
Long-term investment due within one year shall be reflected in a separate item under current assets.
Article 30 Fixed assets refer to assets with a service life of more than one year and a unit value exceeding the prescribed standard, and which keep their original physical form during use, including buildings, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, tools and appliances, etc.
Fixed assets shall be accounted for according to the actual cost at the time of acquisition. The loan interest and related expenses before the fixed assets have been delivered or put into use but have not been completed, and the exchange difference of foreign currency loans is included in the value of fixed assets; After that, the exchange difference between loan interest and related expenses and foreign currency loans is included in the current profit and loss.
The value of donated fixed assets shall be determined according to the market price of similar assets or relevant certificates. Expenses incurred when accepting donations of fixed assets shall be included in the value of fixed assets.
Fixed assets leased by financing shall be accounted for according to the fixed assets to which they belong, and explained in the notes to the accounting statements.
Depreciation of fixed assets shall be calculated by the method of life average or workload (or output) according to the original value, estimated net salvage value, estimated service life or estimated workload of fixed assets. If the relevant regulations are met, the accelerated depreciation method can also be used.
The original value, accumulated depreciation and net value of fixed assets shall be listed separately in the accounting statements.
The actual expenditure incurred in the purchase and construction of fixed assets or the renovation of fixed assets shall be listed separately in the accounting statements.
Fixed assets shall be inspected regularly, and the net profit and loss of fixed assets and the net loss caused by scrapping and cleaning shall be included in the current profit and loss.
Article 31 Intangible assets refer to assets that have been used by enterprises for a long time without physical form, including patents, non-patented technologies, trademarks, copyrights, land use rights and goodwill.
The purchased intangible assets shall be accounted for according to the actual cost; Intangible assets acquired by accepting investment shall be accounted for according to the price confirmed by evaluation or agreed in the contract; Self-developed intangible assets shall be accounted for according to the actual expenses incurred in the development process.
All kinds of intangible assets shall be amortized evenly by stages during the benefit period, and the unamortized balance shall be listed in the accounting statements.
Article 32 Deferred assets refer to expenses that cannot be fully included in the profits and losses of the current year and should be amortized in future years, including start-up expenses, expenditure on improvement of leased fixed assets, etc.
The actual expenses incurred by the enterprise during the preparation period shall be included in the start-up expenses, except the value of relevant property and materials. The start-up expenses shall be amortized evenly by stages within a certain period after the enterprise starts production and operation.
Expenditure on improvement of leased fixed assets shall be amortized equally during the lease term.
The unamortized balance of various deferred assets shall be listed in the accounting statements.
Article 33 Other assets refer to assets other than the above-mentioned items.