The most famous professional inventor is Ma Jun.
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Ma Jun was a famous mechanical manufacturing expert in the Three Kingdoms period. With his superb manufacturing skills, he invented and manufactured silk looms, waterwheels, compasses and other machines, became a very famous expert in mechanical invention and manufacturing in ancient China, and made great contributions to the development of ancient mechanical manufacturing technology.
Ma Jun was born in Fufeng Deheng (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). Living in the Cao Wei period of the Three Kingdoms period, the year of birth and death is unknown. He was not good at words since he was a child, but he liked reading, thinking and thinking, especially studying mechanical manufacturing. At the same time, he pays great attention to practice and is diligent in hands-on; In this way, I formed the habit of being good at absorbing new knowledge and possessed relatively skilled practical skills, which laid a certain foundation for engaging in mechanical manufacturing. His early life was hard and poor, and he lived in the countryside for a long time, which gave him more opportunities to get in touch with the working people and had a profound understanding and experience of their suffering and heavy labor. Therefore, he is more concerned about the reform of production tools and is determined to use his knowledge and technology to serve the people and improve their production and living conditions.
Ma Jun's research and manufacture of machinery began with the transformation of twill loom, which is a jacquard machine for weaving twill. Twill is a jacquard silk fabric with smooth surface and a relatively advanced product developed on the basis of traditional Chinese silk fabric. China has a long history of silk weaving technology. As early as Shang Dynasty, plain weave and silk weave were used to weave silk fabrics with geometric patterns. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were dozens of kinds of silk fabrics, the quality of which was greatly improved. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, China's silk weaving technology reached a fairly high level, and a large number of jacquard yarns and colored tapestries with warp were unearthed during this period. The development of silk weaving technology is due to the progress of weaving tools. Plain loom appeared in Shang Dynasty, and jacquard loom appeared in Zhou Dynasty. At the end of the Warring States period, pedal looms were used. This is an epoch-making achievement of silk weaving technology, because the pedal is used as the device to lift the heald, the hand can be freed to throw the shuttle, and the efficiency of hand-foot cooperation is greatly increased. By the Han Dynasty, the silk loom had been greatly improved, and a new jacquard machine appeared, that is, 120 Nie? 120 loom takes 60 days to complete a batch of pine twill, which is quite inefficient and the structure and operation of the loom are quite complicated. Compared with the Han Dynasty, the looms used in the Three Kingdoms were simplified, and the "fifty healds" appeared. 50 "or 60"? 60 Nie "silk loom. However, this silk loom is still too complicated, bulky, inconvenient to operate, labor intensive and low in production efficiency. It takes a weaver a month to weave a silk. Ma Jun felt it necessary to further improve and design a simpler, more convenient and more practical twill loom, so as to reduce the labor of craftsmen and weave more "twill" to meet the needs of society. Therefore, Ma Jun made in-depth and detailed observation and research on the twill loom, and made a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the operation of the loom. He found that many colors and patterns of twill are symmetrical and repetitive, which can greatly simplify the structure and operation of twill loom. Therefore, he tried repeatedly and finally changed the original twill loom to 12 nie, which simplified the structure of the twill loom a lot, made the operation more convenient, increased the labor productivity several times, and improved the color, pattern and quality of the twill woven. It is said that in the first year of Emperor Jing of Cao Wei (AD 237), Japanese envoys visited, and Wei Mingdi presented a large number of silk fabrics to Japan, many of which were woven with Ma Jun's improved silk loom. This high-efficiency twill loom soon spread to other areas and was widely used, which promoted the development of textile industry in China.
Another outstanding achievement of Ma Jun is making a long-lost compass. The south guide car, also known as the south guide car, was the first driver when the ancient emperors traveled. A Woodenhead stood in the car, stretching his arm to the south. No matter how the car turns, his arm always points to the south, so the car can be used to indicate the direction. This is an invention of ancient working people, which appeared at the latest in the Western Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the famous scientist Zhang Heng once remade the compass. Unfortunately, it was lost in the Three Kingdoms period, and many people no longer know the structure and principle of the compass. During the reign of Wei Mingdi Qinglong (AD 233-236), Ma Jun served as a junior official in Beijing. One day, Ma Jun and some officials talked about the south guide car during the debate in the palace, and they had an argument about it. At that time, Qin Lang, a general with three attendants, thought that the records about the south-pointing car in ancient books were fictitious and could not be taken seriously, and the south-pointing car was not made in ancient times. Ma Jun, however, firmly believed that there was a compass in ancient times and disagreed with them. He said: "It is very likely that the compass was made in ancient times, but we didn't study it deeply;" In fact, it is not as difficult as people think. As long as you are willing to work hard and study, you will succeed. " His words were laughed at by Gao and Qin Lang, who sarcastically said, "Mr. Jun's name is Deheng. Jun is a model of utensils, and the weight of objects is determined by scales; But you don't even know the weight of your speech. Can you use it as a model? " (The wheel used in ancient Tokisho was called Tao Jun) Ma Jun retorted; "What's the use of empty talk! It is natural to distinguish who is right and who is wrong. " Gao and Qin Lang agreed to Ma Jun's request and reported the matter to Ma Jun at that time. Wei Mingdi ordered Ma Jun to conduct trial production to clarify right and wrong. Ma Jun carefully studied the brief records of ancient books, put forward a preliminary idea after painstaking research, and then, with the help of many craftsmen, repeatedly experimented and finally made a compass in a very short time. Gao and Qin Lang were speechless in the face of facts and had to give up. Ma Jun ended people's arguments with his actual achievements and won everyone's conviction. Since then, the whole country has admired his talents and skills.
After Ma Jun, many people made a guide car. For example, Zu Chongzhi, a great scientist in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, built a South-pointing car with only one shell and an internal structure. However, the historical records of the south guide car are quite brief, lacking specific mechanical structure and principle, which makes it difficult for future generations to imitate it. After the south guide car was lost, the manufacture of later generations was equivalent to re-invention. Yan Su, a famous instrument expert in Song Dynasty, remade the compass on 1027 and Wu Deren on 1 107. The history of the Song Dynasty clearly recorded their manufacturing methods and the internal structure of the compass. According to this book, people know the general structure of compasses in past dynasties. After liberation, the Chinese Museum of History copied the model of the Southern Compass based on historical documents and displayed it in the General History Exhibition Hall in China, which can be seen when visiting the Museum of History. According to literature and modern research, the structure and principle of the compass are as follows: the compass has two wheels with a diameter of 6 feet, and the distance between the two wheels is also 6 feet. Each wheel has a 24-tooth pinion inside; There is a big flat wheel with 48 teeth on the car. There is a vertical shaft on the wheel and a person on the shaft. A small flat wheel is arranged at the upper end of the big flat wheel, and a pinion is arranged beside the wheel, and the small flat wheel is connected with the rear end of the axle by a rope through a pulley. When the car goes straight, the direction of the front and rear ends of the shaft remains unchanged. The small flat wheels on both sides are hung on the upper ends of the big flat wheel and the pinion, and the big flat wheel does not rotate. The little wooden man above the vertical axis pointed out that the south is unchanged. When the car turns left, the front end of the car shaft turns left and the rear end turns right, so that the rope tied to the rear end of the car shaft will be tight on the left and loose on the right, and the small flat wheel on the right will sink under the gravity of the iron drop, embedded between the big flat wheel and the pinion in the wheel, and meshed with the gears of the two. If the rotor rotates 90 degrees to the left, the right wheel of the car rotates 90 degrees to the left, and at the same time, the pinion on the wheel side rotates forward 12 teeth (half a cycle), the pinion drives the small flat wheel to rotate to the left correspondingly 12 teeth, and the small flat wheel drives the big flat wheel to rotate to the right (in the opposite direction) 12 teeth, and the rotation angle is exactly 90 degrees. This ingenious design represents the superb skills of China ancient mechanical design and manufacturing.
Another famous machine made by Ma Jun is the dumper for agricultural irrigation, which is a great innovation of ancient irrigation tools in China. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were mainly two kinds of water lifting tools in China, one was orange and the other was pulley. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, citrus Fraxinus mandshurica was used. Its structure is like this: a crossbar is fixed on a tree or wooden frame by the well with a rope, one end of the crossbar is tied with a bucket, and the other end falls with a stone. When the bucket lifts water upwards, it is more labor-saving and convenient because of the use of levers and falling rocks. Pulleys go further than oranges. It mainly uses the principle of rotation to lift water, especially suitable for deep wells. However, these two irrigation tools have the same defect, that is, they can only lift water from low to high at intervals, and cannot move continuously, which is inefficient and laborious. When Ma Jun lived in Luoyang, the capital, he saw a piece of land in the city where vegetables could be grown, but it was difficult to solve the problem of water diversion irrigation because of its high terrain. Therefore, after consulting ancient books and deeply studying ancient irrigation tools, Ma Jun designed and manufactured a new type of irrigation machinery-dumper.
According to historical records, Bilan in the Eastern Han Dynasty had overturned more than half a century before Ma Jun, but this rollover was used to take river water and spray roads. Whether it can be used for irrigation is not recorded in the history books. Ma Jun's rollover can be directly used for agricultural irrigation and drainage. The utility model has exquisite and convenient structure, can continuously lift water, is light and labor-saving, and can even be turned by children, and its efficiency is much higher than other water lifting tools. Therefore, after the appearance of rollover, it was widely welcomed by the society and quickly popularized. It has been used for more than 1000 years, and it can still be seen in some areas of China today. Before the invention of modern water pump, dumper was the most advanced water lifting tool in the world at that time. Later, after the continuous transformation and renewal of the working people in the past dynasties, there appeared cattle dumpers, wind dumpers and water dumpers driven by animal power, water power and wind power, which played a great role in irrigating farmland and developing agricultural production.
Due to the lack of detailed records at that time, the specific structure of Ma Jun's rollover was unknown. In the agricultural book written by Wang Zhen in Yuan Dynasty, the rollover was clearly described and the rollover map was drawn. Lin Qing recorded the structure of the rollover in "The Diagram of River Tools in Qing Dynasty". From the above two books, we can know that the general structure of rollover is as follows: the car body is made up of three boards to form a rectangular long slot, which is about 2 feet long, 4 to 7 inches wide and 1 foot high; One end of the long slot is provided with a relatively large gear shaft as a driving shaft, and the driving shaft is relatively long, and four supporting wood are provided at both ends as pedals; A relatively small gear shaft is installed at the other end of the wooden trough, and a wooden chain made of keel blades is installed between the two gear shafts. A series of plates are tied to the wooden chain and pass through the long trough. When in use, the wooden trough is placed obliquely at the water's edge, one end of the small wheel shaft is immersed in the water, people stand on the shelf and drive the big wheel shaft with crutches, and the step plate will clean the water in the trough, drain the water at the trough end, and then return to the water along the upper end of the long trough. In this way, water can be sent from low to high, and continuous irrigation can be realized.
Shortly after Ma Jun's rollover, someone gave Wei Mingdi a wooden model called "Hundred Plays" (equivalent to a puppet now). This model is exquisite in shape and ingenious in design, but unfortunately it can't be moved. Wei Mingdi asked Ma Jun if he could try to make him move and become smarter than before. Ma Jun answered "Yes" confidently. Therefore, Wei Mingdi asked Ma Jun to improve the "hundred plays". Therefore, Ma Jun made a serious study on the structure of Hundred Plays, and decomposed and understood every part of it. At the same time, the relevant literature in history was consulted, and the basic idea was determined on this basis. Ma Jun first made a big wheel out of a piece of wood and laid it flat on the ground, driven by water. Then put many wooden figures on the wheel and design a set of transmission device to make the wooden figures move and perform various programs, such as musicians playing drums, playing tactics and whistling; Singers either sing loudly or dance. Ma Jun also designed different models to perform different programs. As a mountain model, I saw some Woodenhead jumping pills in the mountains, throwing swords, and others climbing ropes upside down. Woodenhead went in and out, and there was an entertainment image of a mountain village, as well as a model of a hundred officials walking in summer, some Woodenhead grinding noodles in spring rice, and some juggling cockfights, which were complex, flexible and lifelike. This is the ancient famous "Hydration Hundred Plays". Unfortunately, this kind of machinery has been lost, and the ancient records are relatively brief. We don't know its specific structure and design, but it is conceivable that the mechanical structure must be quite complicated and ingenious to make so many Woodenhead constantly move and change, which shows Ma Jun's superb design ideas and superb manufacturing skills.
Ma Jun is also good at making weapons and has many original opinions. Unfortunately, the rulers at that time did not pay attention to it, and many designs failed to be put into practice. At that time, there were frequent wars between Wei, Shu and Wu. On one occasion, Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Wei, using a new crossbow, which could fire dozens of rounds continuously, and its power was many times greater than that of the old crossbow. Wei Jun was surprised. Later, Wei Jun showed Ma Jun one. After reading it, Ma Jun thinks that the crossbow is exquisite, but it is not the best, and there is still room for improvement. If he carried out the reform, the efficiency could be increased by five times, but Ma Jun failed to do it for some reasons. During the Battle of Guandu in the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao attacked Yuan Shao's position with a catapult. This kind of trebuchet can throw large stones at the enemy, which has certain power. However, this kind of stone delivery vehicle also has some defects, such as slow speed, single shot and continuous shooting. So if the enemy hangs wet cowhide on the tower, it can stop the stones thrown by the stone truck. Therefore, Ma Jun improved this and designed a new siege machinery-rotary continuous trebuchet. He is going to make a big wooden wheel that rotates vertically around the shaft, tie dozens of big stones to the edge of the wheel with ropes, and then use machinery to drive the wheel to rotate quickly, and the stones hanging on the wheel will also rotate together. When the speed is high, cut off the rope that binds the stone, and the stone will be continuously emitted, attacking the enemy's tower, leaving the enemy too late to defend. Ma Jun once experimented with wheels and dozens of bricks and tied stones to the wheels. As a result, the brick flew hundreds of steps (1 step is equal to 1.45 m), which proves that his design is feasible. However, this design was ridiculed and attacked by the cartographer Pei Xiu. Fu Xuan, Ma Jun's friend and writer, appreciated his talent, supported and understood his ideas, and took many activities for him, hoping to find opportunities to support Ma Jun's trial production. Fu Xuan recommended this invention to Hou Caoxi in Anxiang, but Cao xi refused, on the grounds that Ma Jun was inarticulate and could not tell the truth. Fu Xuan patiently persuaded him, saying, "Mr. Ma Jun is making excellent weapons that the country needs, and the officers and men are waiting for urgent use. It only takes a little wood to find two people to do it. Why not give it a try so as not to bury something useful? " Under the persuasion of Fu Xuan, Cao accepted the suggestion and told Hou Cao Shuang of Wu 'an, who was in charge of military affairs, but Cao Shuang ignored it. Therefore, it is a pity that Ma Jun's idea has never been realized. Because of this, Fu Xuan, Ma Jun's good friend, sighed, "It was easy to have a try, but a famous city artist like Mr. Ma has never been taken seriously, let alone those talented nobody! Future generations must remember this lesson. "
Ma Jun's ability in mechanical design and manufacturing was famous all over the world at that time and admired by the people. Fu Xuan, his good friend and writer, praised him as "the name of the world's exquisite beauty", and historian Pei Songzhi wrote: "When it helps the wind and horses, you think strangely." This is a proper evaluation of Ma Jun. In the history of ancient science and technology in China, Ma Gou is an outstanding representative of ancient mechanical manufacturing experts, and his achievements and names will go down in history forever and be remembered by future generations.
Non-professional inventors include the Prime Minister and Ye Liu (trebuchet).
Chen Lin is not. It seems that he is famous for writing a campaign against Cao Cao.