During the period of 1987, the large-scale excavation of Caiyuan site was carried out in an all-round way. Three experts from the Archaeological Department of China History Museum, Li Wenjie, Chen Bin and Dong Qi, and four interns from the Archaeological Department of Peking University participated in this year's field work. The excavation work is progressing rapidly. In the first half of the year, the hilt cemetery and Erlinziwan cemetery were completely cleaned up, and the Shigou site was tried to dig. In the second half of the year, the cemeteries of Zhaiziliang and crock mouth were fully excavated, and some sites of Lin Ziliang site were unearthed.
Haiyuan, located in the Loess Plateau, belongs to a typical temperate continental climate, which is dry, rainy, windy, sandy and sunny. This constant sunbathing makes archaeologists miserable. Because the construction site is mostly on the hillside, there is no shelter at all. The newly dug stratum dried up in a short time when it met the summer sun. It is difficult to distinguish the stratum from the remains, so they have to carry water and spray it again and again. It is said that they are afraid of the sun, but they are also afraid of the rain. Archaeologists are most afraid that excavated tombs and cleaned tombs will be washed down by rain. The wind on the ridge of Caiyuan Village is very strong all the year round, and dust often covers the sky near the construction site. At the end of the day, everyone looks like clay sculpture. Because the work in the field can't give up halfway, everyone is busy going to the city for a haircut, and gay men's hair is long enough to be worn on their shoulders at will. The villagers nicknamed them the "long-haired archaeological team". Later, people couldn't stand the hot and dirty long hair, so they bought nail clippers and scissors to "hairdressing". After a period of time, the archaeologists cut their hair in a perfect way, and even the dolls in the village came to "Uncle Mao" for a haircut. Primitive society seems to have a development stage from patrilineal society to matriarchal society or a process of "patrilineal society-matriarchal society-paternal society" At least, according to the funerary system and funerary objects, it seems difficult to infer that the early Banpo type and the first Banpo era were matriarchal and matriarchal society, and archaeological facts obviously bring trouble to the existing theories. It is also a common view that the second burial of Banpo people is a strong expression of matriarchal clan blood relationship. For example, the Encyclopedia of Archaeology in China thinks that "the prevalence of the system of joint burial shows the close blood relationship between clans" (page 600 of the book), and Gong and Zhang Zhongpei all hold this view, which has been involved in the above narrative. In addition, Li You, Wu Ruzuo, Shao, Li Shaolian, etc. There is a similar understanding, but Mr. Shao and Mr. Shao regard the horizontal array cemetery as a phenomenon of "late matriarchal society" or "late matriarchal society" (the enlightenment of Li's "burial custom of Wa nationality" to the study of ancient human burial custom in China); Wu Ruzuo sees the social nature of Yangshao culture from the excavation of tombs, Archaeology 196 1 No.1 12; Xia Zhigan's views on the multi-person burial tomb of Yangshao culture, Archaeology No.6,1976; The Nature and Burial Custom of Yangshao Cultural Cemetery in Shaoheng Town, Analysis of Matriarchal Clan Cemetery in Huayinheng Town, Archaeology, No.3,1976;
Village 6,000 years ago: Guanmiao Mountain Site, a national key cultural relic protection unit.
People in Guanmiao Mountain made pottery with three great inventions. One is the eggshell painted pottery process. The so-called eggshell painted pottery is like a pottery tire as thin as an eggshell. No matter who you are, when you face a thin tire that is only one or two millimeters thick, you will be involuntarily surprised by the superb skills of our ancestors. Light thin tire cups and bowls are painted with black, brown, red and gray patterns, which are rich in color and varied. Eggshell painted pottery is a treasure of Daxi culture, and its discovery has advanced the historical record of this pottery-making technology by 1200 years. Another invention is the "red outside and black inside" carburizing method for firing pottery. When pottery is fired, it is red outside and black inside. Some of them are colored outside, but there are some black stripes. One-time firing, no discoloration, no hands. Mr. Li Wenjie, a researcher at the Museum of Chinese History and one of the hosts of the excavation of the site of Guanmiao Mountain, learned through "experimental archaeology" that the villagers of Guanmiao Mountain used carburizing method. "Carburizing in the kiln" filled the kiln with black smoke and turned red pottery into black leather pottery. "Carburizing outside the kiln" is to carburize and discolor the red pottery just out of the kiln. The unique "red outside and black inside" pottery in Guanmiao Mountain is mostly a container around the soles of the feet. "Black smoke" can increase the density and strength of ceramics without water seepage. Carburizing is the characteristic of Daxi culture, and black pattern decoration is the patent of Daxi culture. This was a very advanced pottery-making technology among primitive tribes in China at that time.