Sir isaac newton (1643 65438+1October 4th ~1727 March 3rd1), member of the Royal Society, British physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. In the paper Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published in 1687, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the movements of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted. In mechanics, Newton expounded the conservation principle of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented reflecting telescope, and based on the viewpoint that a prism diverges white light into a visible spectrum.
, developed the color theory. He also systematically expressed the cooling law and studied the speed of sound. Mathematically, Newton and gottfried? Leibniz shared the honor of developing calculus. He also proved the generalized binomial theorem and put forward Newton's method to approximate the zero point of function, which contributed to the study of power series. In 2005, the Royal Society conducted a poll on "Who is the most influential person in the history of science", and Newton was considered to be more influential than Albert Einstein.
watt
James watt was a famous British inventor and an important figure during the Industrial Revolution. Member of the Royal Society and foreign researcher of the French Academy of Sciences. He made a series of major improvements to the original prototype of the steam engine that had appeared at that time, and invented single-cylinder single-action and single-cylinder double-action steam engines, which improved the thermal efficiency and operational reliability of the steam engine and made outstanding contributions to the development of social productive forces at that time. He improved the steam engine and invented the barometer and power hammer. In memory of him, later generations called the unit of power Watt, which was often represented by the symbol "W". Watt is the unit of measurement of power and radiation flux in the international system of units, which is often represented by the symbol "W".
Watt 1736 65438+ 10/9 was born in Glasgow, England. When he was a child, Watt studied in a grammar school, but he didn't receive a systematic education. Watt learned a lot about mechanical manufacturing in the factory where his father worked, and later he became an apprentice in a watch shop in London. 1763, watt went to glass university to repair teaching instruments. In college, he often discussed theoretical and technical issues with professors. 178 1 year, watt made a double-acting steam engine that pushed the piston from both sides. 1785, he was also elected as a member of the Royal Society for his great contribution to the improvement of the steam engine. 1865438+On August 25th, 2009, Watt died in Heathfield near Birmingham.
In Watt's obituary, he praised the steam engine he invented:
"It has armed human beings, made weak hands powerful and infinite, and improved the human brain to deal with all problems. It has laid a solid foundation for mechanical power to create miracles in the future and will help and reward the labor of future generations. "
Edison
Edison (1847 ~ 193 1) is a world-famous American electrician and inventor, and is known as the "king of invention". In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, architecture, chemical industry and other fields. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization.
Edison was also a great entrepreneur. 1879, Edison founded "Edison Electric Lighting Company". 1880, incandescent lamps went on sale. 1890, Edison merged its various businesses into Edison General Electric Company. 189 1 year, Edison's thin filament and high vacuum incandescent bulb were patented. 1892, Tom? Houston Company and Edison Electric Lighting Company merged to form General Electric Company, which opened the hegemony of General Electric in the electrical field for a century.
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
Albert Einstein (1March 87914-1April 95 18), a world-famous German-American scientist, was the pioneer and founder of modern physics. 199965438+On February 26th, Einstein was selected as "the great man of the century" by American Time magazine.
Einstein graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. 1905 received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. Working in the Berne Patent Office. Professor, Zurich University of Technology, German University in Prague. 19 13 He returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 persecuted by Nazi regime, moved to the United States, became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, 1940 became an American citizen.
/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of change in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the Welch relationship between energy and mass, and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.
Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.
Hawking
Stephen william hawking, born on1October 8th, 194265438, graduated from Oxford University and Trinity College of Cambridge University with a doctorate in philosophy from Cambridge University. He has been in a wheelchair for 40 years, and only his facial muscles can move. Voice and question-and-answer can only be done by a voice synthesizer. Professor of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University, England, the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist, is one of the great men who enjoy international reputation in this century, and is known as the greatest scientist in the world and the "king of the universe". Hawking, 1942 10 was born in Oxford, England, on the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. In the 1970s, he and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they both won the Wolf Prize in Physics of 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein.
He also proved the area theorem of black holes. Hawking's life is very legendary, and he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history in scientific achievements. His position is the highest professorship in the history of Cambridge University, that is, Lucasson Professor of Mathematics once held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a member of the Royal Society.
He suffered from "gradual freezing" (Lou Gehrig's disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and stayed in a wheelchair for 40 years. However, he was physically and mentally disabled and turned it into an advantage, overcoming his disability and becoming a supernova in the international physics community. He can't write or even read clearly, but he transcends relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang theory and enters the "geometric dance" to create the universe. Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his thoughts traveled brilliantly in the vast space and time, and solved the mystery of the universe.
Hawking's charm lies not only in his legendary physical genius, but also in his convincing life force. His constant pursuit of scientific spirit and brave and tenacious personality strength deeply attracted everyone who knew him.
He is called "the greatest scientist alive", "another Einstein" and "an out-and-out strong man"