At present, the total number of scientific and technological human resources in China has reached 32 million, and the total number of R&D personnel has reached 1.05 million, ranking first and second in the world respectively. China already has certain independent innovation capability, and its development capability in important fields such as biology, nanotechnology and aerospace ranks among the advanced in the world. However, the lack of innovation ability of scientific and technological talents is still a prominent problem in China's talent team. China's scientific and technological innovation ability is relatively weak. According to relevant research reports, in 2004, China ranked 24th among 49 major countries (accounting for 92% of the world GDP), which was at a medium level.
1. Scientific and technological talents are weak in invention, creation and technological innovation. According to the statistics of China National Intellectual Property Administration, in 2005, although the total number of inventions applied by China people was large (domestic 17 16 19, foreign 42384), it still lagged behind foreign countries in terms of invention patents with relatively high gold content. The number of domestic inventions authorized is 20705, and the number of foreign inventions authorized is 32600. Through the statistics of invention patents for many years, it is found that Chinese medicine accounts for 98%, soft drinks account for 96%, food accounts for 90%, and Chinese input method accounts for 79%. Patent applications from abroad mainly focus on high-tech fields and technologies, with radio transmission accounting for 93%, mobile communication 9 1%, TV system 90%, semiconductor 85%, western medicine 69% and computer application 60%. The focus of foreign applications is on high-tech fields and high-end, which is a sharp contrast.
2. The market conversion rate of scientific research achievements is low. Due to the long-term decoupling between the scientific and technological system and the market, the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in China is low. According to the national average, the market conversion rate of China's scientific and technological achievements is less than 20%, and only about 5% of them eventually form an industry. It is not only far below the level of 70%~80% in developed countries, but also below the market conversion rate of 50% of scientific and technological achievements in India. According to the investigation of the national research group on the status of scientific and technological workers, 74.50% of China's scientific research achievements are transformed into products or applied to production. According to 1996-2004 national statistical annual report on scientific and technological achievements, the problems of capital, immature market and low quality of technological achievements are the main obstacles restricting the transformation and popularization of applied technological achievements in China. China's scientific and technological innovation ability is not strong, mainly reflected in the low quality of scientific research achievements, and a considerable number of scientific and technological talents (mainly those in universities and research institutes) do not pay enough attention to the marketization of scientific and technological achievements, and the achievements are out of touch with market demand. There are many factors that lead to the problem of scientific and technological talents, such as historical factors, social environment and the quality of scientific research talents.
Second, the influencing factors of the lack of innovation ability of scientific and technological talents in China
The establishment of a series of strategies such as "building an innovative country" and "enhancing the ability of independent innovation" has provided a good environmental condition for scientific and technological talents to exert their innovative ability. However, there are also some factors that are not conducive to the development of innovation ability in society.
1. Examination-oriented education leads to insufficient cultivation of innovative ability of scientific and technological talents. The innovation ability of scientific and technological talents is not strong, which is influenced by impetuous thoughts and other factors that are common in society, but it also reflects the misunderstanding in the training mode of scientific and technological talents in China. For a long time, China's education system belongs to exam-oriented education, and the scientific and technological talents trained by this education system often have the problem of "excess knowledge and insufficient innovation ability".
2. The "official standard" measures are not conducive to encouraging leading talents. Leading talents are the main body of innovative talents and the signpost and example of independent innovation activities. However, there are many problems in the incentive and management of leading talents at present, especially the "official standard" incentive measures, which stifle the scientific research life of a large number of leading talents. In order to promote leading talents to play a greater role in China's independent innovation work and cultivate more leading talents, the official standard cannot be used to motivate leading talents. Zhou Zeng denounced the official standard of the scientific research system: "If you want to engage in scientific research, don't be an official. Don't engage in scientific research if you want to be an official. If you want to be an official, you must serve the researchers well. If you want to be an official and engage in scientific research, you must do nothing well. " The measures to motivate talents include material, spiritual and development choices, and it is not necessary to take the road of "official standard".
In order to truly break the influence of the official standard thought on leading talents, we must actively implement the talent policy and provide enough space for leading talents to give full play to their talents. In particular, it is necessary to introduce some relevant policies to protect the rights and interests of leading talents and regulate their behavior. At present, some places have issued relevant policies, such as the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Leading Talents in Shanghai issued by Shanghai.
3. The talent evaluation standard is not perfect. The existing talent evaluation model is mainly qualitative, supplemented by quantitative. Although it is simple and easy to operate, there are still some problems, such as non-uniform evaluation criteria, subjective randomness, difficult operation, and difficult to accurately measure ability and performance. At the same time, it overemphasizes factors such as academic qualifications, qualifications, papers, foreign languages, computers, etc., especially the academic orientation is serious. In the process of talent evaluation, especially in the evaluation of professional titles, the phenomenon of seniority, impression and popularity is widespread, which makes the title name irrelevant and meaningless and a symbol of treatment. The qualification certificate cannot effectively explain the holder's actual academic level and professional ability.
This evaluation standard often leads researchers, especially those in colleges and universities, to do research for the sake of research, and pay insufficient attention to the market conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements. It leads to the low market conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities.
4. The scientific research supervision mechanism is not perfect. Due to the lack of effective supervision mechanism and academic moral restraint mechanism, many strange corruption phenomena have appeared in academic circles: first, shoddy work, pieced together plagiarism; Second, false exaggeration and false introduction; Third, run money and trade money; Fourth, consanguineous marriage and academic incest; Fifth, teachers and students cooperate and use each other; Sixth, internal awards and relationship evaluation; Seventh, buying and selling papers and hitchhiking with each other; Be keen on socializing and pay attention to income generation; Nine is to learn to bully and exclude dissidents; Ten are factional struggles, fighting each other.
5. Insufficient investment in scientific research not only affects the quality and quantity of scientific and technological achievements, but also affects the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. First of all, the investment in scientific research is insufficient. In 2003, R&D activities in most developed countries. D The funding intensity is above 2%, even more than 4% in Israel and Sweden. Higher R&D investment intensity is an important guarantee for these countries to have higher innovation ability. In 2004, China's investment was 1.23%, and in 2005 it was only 1.3%. Secondly, the investment ratio of scientific and technological achievements in China is generally 1: 1: 1.5. The ratio of developed countries such as the United States in these three stages is 1: 10: 100. This shows that the capital investment in the transformation of scientific and technological innovation achievements in China is seriously insufficient and has become a key link that hinders the transformation of scientific and technological innovation achievements. Behind the shortage of funds is that the current financing system in China is not sound enough. Third, the material incentive policy does not fully reflect the principle of fairness. Whether the incentive policy for scientific and technological talents can fully reflect and ensure fairness directly determines the quality and implementation effect of this policy. The current material incentive policy system does not fully reflect this fairness. According to the investigation of the national research group on the status of scientific and technological workers, "low income" is the biggest difficulty in the life of scientific and technological workers in China at present. Among the life difficulties listed in the questionnaire survey, 4 1. 1% of the respondents chose "low income", accounting for almost half, which shows that the low income of scientific and technological workers is a common phenomenon.
6. Scientific and technological innovation needs to further improve intellectual property protection. In order to ensure that those who have completed technological achievements and other people who have made outstanding contributions to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements get returns commensurate with their creative labor value, and encourage scientific research institutions, high-tech enterprises and scientific and technological personnel to actively participate in technological innovation activities, the state has formulated a series of policies while improving laws and regulations on intellectual property protection, and promoted the establishment of interest incentive mechanisms conducive to the formation of independent intellectual property rights. For example, the Internet industry has been developing in China for 10 years, but the legislation lags behind, making the Internet the hardest hit area for network infringement and piracy. On May 29th, 2006, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Information Network Communication Right. The regulation was formally implemented on July 1 day, which will definitely play an important role in curbing the problem of network infringement and piracy and solving this bottleneck problem that restricts the healthy development of China's Internet industry.
Third, build a system that is conducive to innovative talents to stand out.
1. Attach importance to the development and management of independent innovative talents. In the process of building a contingent of independent innovative talents, we should attach importance to the role of high-level talents. At the same time, we should pay attention to the construction of independent innovation talents in enterprises, entrepreneurs, universities, scientific research institutions, folk and skilled talents.
At the same time, we should deal with the relationship between scientific and technological talents and innovation teams. It is necessary not only to play the leading role of leading talents, but also to promote leading talents to bring out one or more good teams, so that every team member has enthusiasm and give play to the advantages of innovative teams.
2. Talent evaluation depends on the quality of innovation. To establish a scientific evaluation mechanism, we should truly grasp the scientific connotation of people-oriented and competence, deeply understand the significance of taking morality, innovation ability and performance as the main evaluation criteria of professional titles, and promote the effective play of talents' innovation ability. The evaluation of applied scientific and technological talents should be based on results, and the success or failure should be based on quality, not fame, so as to form a talent team instead of a fixed expert team.
3. Reduce the influence of official standard on scientific and technological talents. In order to truly break the influence of the official standard on scientific and technological talents, we must actively implement the talent policy and provide enough space for scientific and technological talents to give full play to their talents. In particular, it is necessary to introduce relevant policies to protect the rights and interests of scientific and technological talents and regulate their behavior.
4. Increase financial support. In recent years, China's investment in science and technology has maintained rapid growth. In 2005, China's R&D expenditure was 236.7 billion yuan, an increase of 20.4% over the previous year, accounting for 1.30% of GDP, of which basic research expenditure was13.5 billion yuan. However, in order to reach the level of developed countries and achieve the total expenditure of R&D funds in the whole society reaching 2% or more of GDP, it is necessary to further increase investment.
5. Form an atmosphere of tolerance and failure. The process of innovation carries great risks, and tolerance for failed innovation is a great incentive for relevant personnel. At present, some places have begun to try this. For example, on June165438+1October 17, 2005, it was called "trial and error regulations" by the outside world-"Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Promoting Reform and Innovation Bill" was submitted to the Third Session of the Standing Committee of the Fourth National People's Congress for deliberation. There are many new ideas in this regulation. The principles of "administrative organ is the main body of reform and innovation", "public participation" and "tolerance failure" were all initiated in China.