Anyone can develop their own materials. There are many kinds of anode and cathode materials, such as lithium manganate, lithium iron battery and ternary material battery. Each company has developed different materials according to its own R&D experience. The materials, dosage and other formulas are confidential and belong to trade secrets. It is impossible to apply for a patent, because all information needs to be disclosed in the patent.
Of course, the actual research and development of batteries will also have patents. For example, if your battery uses a special structure or processing method to achieve a special purpose, you can apply for a patent, usually a utility model patent, and there are few invention patents!
There is no specific patent, so it is basically equivalent to the liunx operating system. It belongs to open source.