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Magnetic levitation technology (English: electromagnetic levitation, electromagnetic suspension) (referred to as EML technology or EMS technology) refers to a technology that uses magnetic force to overcome gravity to levitate objects.
Current levitation technologies mainly include magnetic levitation, optical levitation, acoustic levitation, airflow levitation, electric levitation, particle beam levitation, etc. Among them, magnetic levitation technology is relatively mature.
Magnetic levitation technology can be implemented in many forms, which can be mainly divided into passive levitation where the system is self-stable and active levitation where the system cannot be self-stable.
Magnetic levitation train is a new type of transportation composed of non-contact magnetic support, magnetic guidance and linear drive system. It mainly includes superconducting electric maglev train, normal conduction electromagnetic attraction high-speed maglev train and normal conduction electromagnetic Suction type medium and low speed magnetic levitation.
In 1842, British physicist Earnshaw proposed the concept of magnetic levitation and pointed out that permanent magnets alone cannot maintain a ferromagnetic body in a free and stable suspended state in all six degrees of freedom. .
In the early 1900s, experts from the United States, France and other countries proposed several conjectures that objects could escape the resistance of their own gravity and operate efficiently - that is, the early model of magnetic levitation. It also lists the possibility of using maglev trains without friction resistance. However, due to the limitations of science, technology and materials, the maglev train was only in the conjecture stage at that time, and no practical method was proposed to achieve this goal.
In 1937, Hermann Kemper of Germany applied for a patent for the maglev train.
In the 1960s, three manned hovercar experimental systems appeared in the world. It was the first system to conduct research on maglev trains. With the development of technology, especially the emergence of solid-state electronics, the originally very large control equipment has become very lightweight, which provides the possibility of realizing maglev train technology. In 1969, Mafai of the German Traction Locomotive Company developed a small maglev train system model, later named TR01. The train reached a speed of 165km per hour on a 1km track. This was the first milestone in the development of maglev trains.