Atmospheric environment monitoring is a process of measuring the concentration of pollutants in the atmospheric environment, observing and analyzing its changes and its impact on the environment. Air pollution monitoring is to measure the types and concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere and observe their spatiotemporal distribution and change patterns.
The molecular pollutants monitored mainly include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone, halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, etc.; the granular pollutants mainly include dust, total suspended particulates, and flying dust. and acid deposition. Air quality monitoring is the sampling and analysis of major pollutants in the atmosphere in a certain area. Regular monitoring of prescribed projects is usually carried out based on factors such as the size of a region, the distribution and source intensity of air pollution sources, meteorological conditions, topography and landforms.
The air quality monitoring items specified by China include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total suspended particulate matter, carbon monoxide and dust fall. In addition, according to the different characteristics of regional air pollution, monitoring of characteristic pollutants such as hydrocarbons, total oxidants, respirable particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, fluoride, and lead can also be added.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Atmospheric environmental monitoring Foreign name: atmospheric environmental monitoring Discipline: Environmental science sampling point distribution method: four method standards, monitoring items, sampling point layout, grid distribution method, sector distribution method, functional area distribution method, gas Sample collection, non-concentrated sampling method, concentrated sampling method, method standard Standard number Standard name Implementation date HJ 77.2-2008 Determination of dioxins in ambient air and waste gas Isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry 2009-4-1 State Environmental Protection Administration Announcement 2007 No. 4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Specifications (Trial) 2007-1-19 Atmospheric Environment Monitoring HJ/T 75-2007 Technical Specifications for Continuous Monitoring of Flue Gas Emissions from Stationary Pollution Sources (Trial) 2007-8-1 HJ/ T 76—2007 Technical Requirements and Testing Methods for Continuous Monitoring Systems for Flue Gas Emissions from Stationary Pollution Sources (Trial) 2007-8-1 HJ/T 373-2007 Technical Specifications for Quality Assurance and Quality Control of Stationary Pollution Source Monitoring (Trial) 2008-1-1 HJ /T 397-2007 Technical specifications for stationary source exhaust gas monitoring 2008-3-1 HJ/T 398-2007 Determination of blackness of flue gas emitted from stationary pollution sources Ringelmann flue gas blackness chart method 2008-3-1 HJ/T 400- 2007 Methods for Sampling and Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds and Aldehydes and Ketones in Vehicles 2008-3-1 HJ/T 174-2005 Technical Requirements and Detection Methods for Automatic Rainfall Samplers 2005-5-8 HJ/T 175-2005 Automatic Rainfall Monitor Technology Requirements and testing methods 2005-5-8 HJ/T 193-2005 Technical specifications for automatic monitoring of ambient air quality 2006-1-1 HJ/T 194-2005 Technical specifications for manual monitoring of ambient air quality 2006-1-1 HJ/T 165- 2004 Technical specifications for acid deposition monitoring 2004-12-9 HJ/T 167-2004 Technical specifications for indoor ambient air quality monitoring 2004-12-9 HJ/T 93-2003 Technical requirements and detection methods for PM10 samplers 2003-7-1 HJ/ T 62-2001 Technical methods and testing technical specifications for oil fume purification equipment in the catering industry (Trial) 2001-8-1 HJ/T 63.1-2001 Determination of nickel, a fixed pollution source in the atmosphere, by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry 2001-11-1 HJ/T 63.2- 2001 Determination of nickel from fixed atmospheric pollution sources by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry 2001-11-1 HJ/T 63.3-2001 Determination of nickel from fixed atmospheric pollution sources by diacetyl oxime-n-butanol extraction spectrophotometry 2001-11-1 HJ/ T 64.1-2001 Determination of cadmium from fixed pollution sources in the atmosphere Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry 2001-11-1 HJ/T 64.2-2001 Determination of cadmium from fixed pollution sources in the atmosphere Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry 2001-11-1 HJ/T 64.3- 2001 Determination of cadmium, a fixed source of atmospheric pollution, p-Azobenzene diazoaminoazobenzene sulfonic acid spectrophotometry 2001-11-1 HJ/T 65-2001 Determination of tin, a fixed source of atmospheric pollution, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry 2001-11 -1 HJ/T 66-2001 Determination of chlorobenzene compounds from fixed air pollution sources by gas chromatography 2001-11-1 HJ/T 67-2001 Determination of fluoride from fixed air pollution sources by ion selective electrode method 2001-11-1 HJ/T 68-2001 Determination of anilines from fixed atmospheric pollution sources by gas chromatography 2001-11-1 HJ/T 69-2001 Technical method for verification of total soot and sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired boilers—Material balance algorithm (trial) 2001-11-1 HJ/ T 77-2001 Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans Isotope dilution high-resolution capillary gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry 2002-1-1 HJ/T 54-2000 Automotive pressure
Measurement method of combustion engine exhaust pollutants 2000-9-1 HJ/T 55-2000 Technical Guidelines for Monitoring Unorganized Emissions of Air Pollutants 2001-3-1 HJ/T 56-2000 Determination of sulfur dioxide in exhaust from fixed pollution sources Iodine Quantitative method 2001-3-1 HJ/T 57-2000 Determination of sulfur dioxide in exhaust gas from stationary pollution sources Constant potential electrolysis method 2001-3-1 GB/T 12301-1999 Detection method for harmful gases produced by non-dangerous goods in ship cabins 2000-8 -1 HJ/T 27-1999 Determination of hydrogen chloride in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Mercury thiocyanate spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 28-1999 Determination of hydrogen cyanide in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Isonicotinic acid-pyrazole Linone Spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 29-1999 Determination of Chromic Acid Mist in Exhaust from Stationary Pollution Sources Diphenylcarbazide Spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 30-1999 Exhaust from Fixed Pollution Sources Determination of chlorine in the air Methyl orange spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 31-1999 Determination of phosgene in exhaust from fixed pollution sources Aniline UV spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 32-1999 Exhaust from fixed pollution sources Determination of phenolic compounds in the air 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 33-1999 Determination of methanol in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources gas chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 34-1999 Determination of vinyl chloride in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Gas Chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 35-1999 Determination of acetaldehyde in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Gas Chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 36-1999 Exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Determination of acrolein in gas chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 37-1999 Determination of acrylonitrile in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Gas Chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 38-1999 Total non-methane in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Determination of hydrocarbons Gas Chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 39-1999 Determination of chlorobenzenes in exhaust gas from stationary pollution sources Gas Chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 40-1999 Benzo (a) in exhaust gas from stationary pollution sources ) Determination of pyrene by high performance liquid chromatography 2000-1-1 HJ/T 41-1999 Determination of asbestos dust in exhaust from fixed pollution sources Microscopy method 2000-1-1 HJ/T 42-1999 Oxidation of nitrogen in exhaust from fixed pollution sources Determination of substances UV spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 43-1999 Determination of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Naphthalene ethylene diamine hydrochloride spectrophotometry 2000-1-1 HJ/T 44-1999 Exhaust gas from fixed pollution sources Determination of carbon monoxide in the air Non-dispersive infrared absorption method 2000-1-1 HJ/T 45-1999 Gravimetric method for determination of asphalt smoke in exhaust from fixed pollution sources 2000-1-1 HJ/T 46-1999 Constant potential electrolysis method sulfur dioxide analyzer Technical Conditions 2000-1-1 HJ/T 47-1999 Technical Conditions for Flue Gas Sampler 2000-1-1 HJ/T 48-1999 Technical Conditions for Smoke Sampler 2000-1-1 GB 9804-1996 Smoke Card Standard 1997- 1-1 GB/T 16157-1996 Determination of particulate matter in exhaust from fixed pollution sources and sampling method of gaseous pollutants 1996-3-6 HJ 14-1996 Principles and technical methods for dividing ambient air quality functional zones 1996-7-22 GB/T 15432 -1995 Determination of gravimetric method for total suspended particulate matter in ambient air 1995-8-1 GB/T 15433-1995 Determination of fluoride in ambient air Lime filter paper. Fluoride ion selective electrode method 1995-8-1 GB/T 15434-1995 Fluoride in ambient air Determination of chemical mass concentration filter membrane. Fluorine ion selective electrode method 1995-8-1 GB/T 15435-1995 Determination of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air Saltzman method 1995-8-1 GB/T 15436-1995 Environment
Determination of air nitrogen oxides Saltzman method 1995-8-1 GB/T 15437-1995 Determination of ambient air ozone Determination of sodium indigo disulfonate spectrophotometry 1995-8-1 GB/T 15438-1995 Determination of ambient air ozone UV photometry Method 1995-8-1 GB/T 15439-1995 Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air by high performance liquid chromatography 1995-8-1 GB/T 15501-1995 Air quality Nitrobenzenes (mono-nitro and di-nitro) Determination of nitro compounds) Zinc reduction - Naphthalene ethylene diamine hydrochloride spectrophotometry 1995-8-1 GB/T 15502-1995 Air quality Determination of anilines Naphthalene ethylene diamine hydrochloride spectrophotometry 1995-8-1 GB/T 15516-1995 Air Quality Determination of Formaldehyde Acetylacetone Spectrophotometry 1995-8-1 GB/T 15262-94 Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Ambient Air Formaldehyde Absorption-Pararosaniline Spectrophotometry 1995-6-1 GB/T 15263-94 Environment Determination of total hydrocarbons in the air by gas chromatography 1995-6-1 GB/T 15264-94 Determination of lead in ambient air by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry 1995-6-1 GB/T 15265-94 Determination of dust in ambient air by gravimetric method 1995- 6-1 GB/T 14584-93 Sampling and determination of iodine-131 in the air 1994-4-1 GB/T 14668-93 Determination of air quality ammonia Nessler's reagent colorimetric method 1994-5-1 GB/T 14669- 93 Determination of air quality ammonia ion selective electrode method 1994-5-1 GB/T 14670-93 Determination of air quality styrene gas chromatography 1994-5-1 GB/T 14675-93 Three-point comparative formula for the determination of air quality odor Odor bag method 1994-3-15 GB/T 14676-93 Air quality Determination of trimethylamine by gas chromatography 1994-3-15 GB/T 14677-93 Air quality Determination of toluene xylene styrene by gas chromatography 1994-3- 15 GB/T 14678-93 Air quality Determination of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide Gas chromatography 1994-3-15 GB/T 14679-93 Air quality Determination of ammonia Sodium hypochlorite-salicylic acid Spectrophotometry 1994-3-15 GB/T 14680-93 Air Quality Determination of Carbon Disulfide Diethylamine Spectrophotometry 1994-3-15 HJ/T 3-93 Technical Conditions for Gasoline Vehicle Idle Exhaust Monitor 1993-12-1 HJ/T 4-93 Technical conditions for diesel vehicle filter paper smoke meter 1993-1-1 GB 13580.1-92 General principles for atmospheric precipitation sampling and analysis methods 1993-3-1 GB 13580.2-92 Collection and storage of atmospheric precipitation samples 1993-3- 1 GB 13580.3-92 Method for determination of conductivity of atmospheric precipitation 1993-3-1 GB 13580.4-92 Electrode method for determination of pH value of atmospheric precipitation 1993-3-1 GB 13580.5-92 Fluorine, chlorine, nitrite, and nitric acid in atmospheric precipitation Determination of salts and sulfates Ion chromatography 1993-3-1 GB 13580.6-92 Determination of sulfates in atmospheric precipitation 1993-3-1 GB 13580.7-92 Determination of nitrite in atmospheric precipitation N-(1-naphthyl)- Ethylenediamine photometric method 1993-3-1 GB 13580.8-92 Determination of nitrate in atmospheric precipitation 1993-3-1 GB 13580.9-92 Determination of chloride in atmospheric precipitation Mercury thiocyanate high iron photometric method 1993-3-1 GB 13580.10-92 Determination of fluoride in atmospheric precipitation Photometric method with new fluorine reagent 1993-3-1 GB 13580.11-92 Determination of ammonia salt in atmospheric precipitation 1993-3-1 GB 13580.12-92 Large
Determination of sodium and potassium in atmospheric precipitation Atomic absorption spectrophotometry 1993-3-1 GB 13580.13-92 Determination of calcium and magnesium in atmospheric precipitation Atomic absorption spectrophotometry 1993-3-1 GB/T 13906-92 Air quality Nitrogen oxidation Determination of substances 1993-9-1 HJ/T 1-92 Fixed position device for gas parameter measurement and sampling 1993-1-1 GB 5468-91 Boiler smoke determination method 1992-8-1 GB/T 13268-91 Atmospheric test dust Standard sample loess dust 1992-8-1 GB/T 13269-91 Atmospheric test dust standard sample coal fly ash 1992-8-1 GB/T 13270-91 Atmospheric test dust standard sample simulated atmospheric dust 1992-8-1 GB 8969- 88 Determination of nitrogen oxides in air quality Naphthylethylenediamine hydrochloride colorimetric method 1988-8-1 GB 8970-88 Determination of sulfur dioxide in air quality Tetrachloride-pararosaniline hydrochloride colorimetric method 1988-8-1 GB 8971- 88 Determination of benzo(a)pyrene in air quality dust acetylation filter paper chromatography fluorescence spectrophotometry 1988-8-1 GB 9801-88 Determination of carbon monoxide in air quality non-dispersive infrared method 1988-12-1 GB/T 6921 -86 Method for measurement of atmospheric dust concentration 1987-3-1 GB 4920-85 Determination of sulfuric acid mist in concentrated sulfuric acid tail gas Barium chromate colorimetry 1985-8-1 GB 4921-85 Determination of oxygen consumption value and nitrogen oxides of industrial waste gas Heavy chromium Potassium acid oxidation, naphthylethylenediamine colorimetric method 1985-8-1 Monitoring project Atmospheric pollutants are divided into two categories according to their existence state: particle pollutants and molecular pollutants (also known as gaseous pollutants). According to the existence status of pollutants, air pollution monitoring projects are also divided into two major monitoring projects: granular pollutant monitoring and gaseous pollutant monitoring. Among them, granular pollutant monitoring is divided into total suspended particulate monitoring, floating dust monitoring, dust fall monitoring and granular pollutant component monitoring; gaseous pollutant monitoring includes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, photochemical oxidants (O3), hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, Total hydrocarbons, etc. In short, there are quite a lot of monitoring projects for atmospheric environment monitoring, and only some of them are listed above. Even this part is not required to be monitored by any unit in any monitoring work. In the "Atmospheric Environmental Quality Standards", China only stipulates the limits for six items: total suspended particles, flying dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and photochemical oxidants, of which flying dust is used as a reference standard. In fact, in atmospheric environment monitoring, total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are required to be measured, and other items must be selected based on the actual situation and monitoring purpose. Sampling point layout In atmospheric environment monitoring, the reasonable layout of the location and number of sampling points is one of the important processes to complete the monitoring purpose and ensure that the data is representative. According to the distribution of pollution sources and monitoring purposes, the sampling point layout methods are divided into four types: grid layout method, concentric circle layout method, sector layout method and functional area layout method. Grid point layout method: This method is used to lay out sampling points when there are many pollution sources and they are scattered within the monitoring range. Draw the entire monitoring area into a square grid, and arrange sampling points at the nodes of the grid line or the center of the square. The number and spacing of points should be determined based on manpower, material resources, and actual conditions. The concentric circle point distribution method has multiple relatively concentrated pollution sources. When investigating the pollution situation in various directions and distances around the pollution source, several concentric circles are drawn on the ground with the pollution source as the center, and then several radiation lines are drawn from the center of the circle to the surroundings. The spacing between concentric circles becomes larger as it goes outward, such as 4:10:20:40. Several sampling points are set on each circle. Fan-shaped point distribution method: For a single elevated point source, take the plume flow direction as the axis, and determine a fan-shaped area on the ground in the downwind direction of the point source as the point distribution range. The angle of the fan is generally about 45°. , can also be 60. , but should not be greater than 90. .
The sampling points are set on several arcs (such as three or four) at different distances from the point source in the fan-shaped plane. One of the arcs must be at the distance with the highest frequency of the maximum landing concentration (about 10 times the effective distance of the chimney). height), at least 3 sampling points are set up on each arc, with an interval of 10o~20o. The functional area point distribution method divides the areas to be monitored into industrial areas, residential areas, commercial areas, transportation hubs, cultural areas, and parks. It is divided into several functional areas, and a certain number of monitoring points are arranged in each functional area. In actual atmospheric environment monitoring, the use of the above-mentioned point distribution methods is often based on one method, and then other methods are used to make necessary adjustments so that the layout of sampling points is more representative. In addition, when setting up points, attention should also be paid to: (1) When placing points in areas with frequent traffic, the points should be located 15 to 30m away from the edge of the road; (2) All sampling points should avoid obvious obstacles such as woodlands and high walls; ( 3) When placing points on the downwind side of a tall building, the distance between the points and the building should be 10 times the height of the building, and should be kept at least 2 times unconditionally. Gas sample collection: Depending on the existence form and concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere and the sensitivity of the analysis method, gas sample collection methods are divided into two types: non-concentrated sampling method and concentrated sampling method. Non-concentrated sampling method is also called direct sampling method. When the content of the analyte in the atmosphere is large or the sensitivity of the analysis method is high, use a plastic bag, syringe or other suitable container to collect a small amount of gas sample, which can be used for analysis and measurement. Concentrated sampling method When the concentration of the substance to be measured in the atmosphere is low or the sensitivity of the analysis method is not high enough, the concentrated sampling method is used to collect gas samples. The most widely used concentration sampling methods are filtration or solution absorption. (1) Filtration method. This method is used to collect particulate pollutants. When sampling, clamp the filter paper or organic filter membrane on a special sampling head, and connect the sampling head to the flow meter and air pump. After starting the air pump, the gas molecules pass through the filter paper (or filter membrane) and are measured by the flow meter, and then discharged through the air pump. The particulate matter is blocked on the filter paper or filter membrane. The longer the air pumping time, the more particles are trapped on the filter paper. The more granular matter there is. (2) Solution absorption method. It is mostly used for collecting molecular or vapor pollutants. The instrument that captures the substance to be measured is an absorption tube. The absorption tube contains an absorption liquid that can interact with the substance to be measured. The absorption tube is connected to the flow meter and the air pump. Start the air pump. When the atmosphere passes through the absorption liquid containing the absorption tube in the form of bubbles, the dissolution of the gas to be measured or the chemical reaction with the absorption liquid occurs at the air-liquid interface, leaving the substance to be measured in the absorption liquid. . At the same time, the molecules in the bubble quickly diffuse to the bubble surface due to their own thermal motion, and continue to undergo dissolution or chemical reaction. If this continues, the absorption process of the test substance is completed. Obviously, the longer the ventilation time, the greater the concentration of the analyte in the absorption liquid. Therefore, the sampling process is the concentration process of the analyte. In addition to filtration and solution absorption methods, concentrated sampling methods also include solid sampling tube retention methods, low-temperature condensation methods, etc.