fuel battery
Developed countries regard the development of large-scale fuel cells as a key research project, and enterprises have also invested heavily in the research and development of fuel cell technology. Now, many important achievements have been made, which will make fuel cells widely used in power generation and automobiles, replacing traditional generators and internal combustion engines. It is worth noting that this important new generation mode can greatly reduce air pollution and solve the problems of power supply and peak shaving in power grid. 2MW, 4.5MW, 1 10MW complete sets of fuel cell power generation equipment have been put into commercial production, and fuel cell power stations of various grades have been built in some developed countries. The development and innovation of fuel cells will be like the industrial revolution triggered by the technical breakthrough that internal combustion engines replaced manpower a hundred years ago, the computer revolution in which the invention and popularization of computers replaced the calculation, drawing and document processing of manpower, and the information revolution in which the development of network communication changed people's living habits. Fuel cells have the potential of high efficiency, no pollution, short construction period, easy maintenance and low cost, which will detonate the green revolution of new energy and environmental protection in 2 1 century. Nowadays, in North America, Japan and Europe, fuel cell power generation is rapidly entering the industrial scale application stage, and will become the fourth generation power generation mode after thermal power, hydropower and nuclear power in 2 1 century. The rapid development of fuel cell technology abroad must attract our attention, and now it has become a subject that the energy and power industries have to face up to. Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) fuel cell
Affected by the 1973 world oil crisis and the research and development of American PAFC, Japan decided to develop various types of fuel cells. As a large-scale energy-saving power generation technology, PAFC was developed by NEDO. Since 198 1 year, the research and development of 1000kW on-site PAFC power generation device has been carried out. 1986, a 200kW field power generation device was developed, which is suitable for PAFC power generation devices in remote areas or for commercial use. Fuji Electric Corporation is the largest supplier of PAFC batteries in Japan. By the end of 1992, the company had provided 17 sets of PAFC demonstration devices at home and abroad. 1In March, 1997, Fuji Electric completed the operation research of distributed 5MW equipment. As field equipment, 88 kinds of equipment such as 50kW, 100kW and 500kW have been put into use. The following table shows the operation of power generation equipment delivered by Fuji Electric Company. By 1998, some parts have exceeded the target life of 40,000 hours. Since the second half of 1970s, Toshiba has serialized distributed power sources with 1 10MW generator and 200kW generator, focusing on the development of distributed fuel cells. 1 10MW generator is the largest fuel cell power generation equipment in the world. From 1989, it was built in Tokyo Electric Power Company's Wujing thermal power station. After the successful power generation in early March, after more than five years of on-site testing, until June 1965438, the cumulative running time exceeded 20,000 hours. In the field of small-scale field fuel cells, in 1990, Toshiba and American IFC established ONSI Company to commercialize field fuel cells, and then began to sell the field-type 200kW equipment "PC25" series to the whole world. PC25 series fuel cells were operated from 199 1 at the end of the year to1April 1998, and * * * sold to the whole world 174 units. Among them, the 1 machine installed in a company in the United States and the No.2 machine of Osaka Gas Company installed in Meitian Center in Osaka, Japan have exceeded 40,000 hours successively. In terms of the life and reliability of fuel cells, the cumulative running time of 40000h is the long-term goal of fuel cells. Toshiba ONSI has completed the development of the official commercial machine PC25C and put it on the market. As a pioneer of new energy in 2 1 century, PC25C won the Japan International Trade and Industry Award. Since the commercialization of fuel cells, the equipment has been evaluated as advanced, reliable and superior environmental protection equipment. Its manufacturing cost is 3000 USD/kW, and the cost of the commercial PC25D equipment to be launched soon will be reduced to 1.500 USD/kW, with a volume reduction of 1/4 compared with that of PC25C and a mass of only 14t. The first PC25C fuel cell power station will be ushered in China in 200 1 next year, mainly funded by Japan's MITI(NEDO), which will be the first fuel cell power station in China. As a medium-low temperature fuel cell (operating temperature 180-2 10℃), PAFC not only has the characteristics of high power generation efficiency, cleanliness and no noise, but also can recover most of the heat in the form of hot water. The following table gives the main technical indexes of the advanced ONSI PC25C 200kWPAFC. PAFC was originally developed to control the peak-valley power balance of power plants, but recently it has been focused on providing electricity and heat for apartments, shopping centers, hospitals, hotels and other places as a centralized power system. PAFC is used in power plants in two situations: a decentralized power plant with a capacity of 10-20MW, which is installed in a distribution station; The central power plant, with a capacity greater than 100MW, can be used as a medium-sized thermal power plant. Compared with ordinary power plants, PAFC power plants have the following advantages: even when the power generation load is relatively low, they still maintain high power generation efficiency; Because of the modular structure, the site installation is simple and time-saving, and the power plant capacity expansion is easy. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) The famous Canadian Ballard Company is the global leader of PEMFC technology. Now its application fields range from vehicles to fixed power stations, and its subsidiary BallardGenerationSystem is considered as the world leader in the development, production and marketization of zero-emission PEMFC. BallardGenerationSystem's original product is a 250kW fuel cell power station, and its basic component is Ballard fuel cell, which uses hydrogen (obtained from methanol, natural gas or oil) and oxygen (obtained from air) to generate electricity without combustion. Ballard is cooperating with many famous companies in the world to commercialize BallardFuelCell. BallardFuelCell has been used in fixed power plants: BallardGenerationSystem was established by BallardGenerationSystem, GPUInternationalInc, AlstomSA and EBARA Company * * * to develop fuel cell power plants below kW level. After five years' development, the first 250kW power plant was successfully generated in August 1997, and was delivered to the National Energy Company of India in September 1999. After careful testing and evaluation, the design performance was improved and the cost was reduced, which led to the birth of the second power plant, which was installed in Berlin with an output of 250kW and was also the first test in Europe. Soon, Ballard's third 250kW power plant was installed in Switzerland in September, 2000 for field test. Then, in June, 2000, through its partner EBARABallard, the fourth fuel cell power plant was installed in NTT Company of Japan, which opened the Asian market. Testing in different fields will greatly promote the commercialization of fuel cell power plants. The first early commercial power plant will end on May 38, 2006. The following picture shows Ballard fuel cell device installed in Cinergy, USA, which is currently being tested. The picture shows the 250kW PEMFC fuel cell power station installed in Berlin: In the United States, PlugPower is the largest proton exchange membrane fuel cell development company, and their goal is to develop and manufacture economical fuel cell systems suitable for residents and automobiles. 1997, the PlugPower module successfully converted gasoline into electric energy for the first time. Recently, PlugPower Company developed its patented product PlugPower7000, which is a distributed power supply system for residential buildings. 200 1 Commercial products were launched at the beginning of the year. The introduction of domestic fuel cells will challenge nuclear power plants and gas-fired power plants. In order to promote this product,1February 1999, PlugPower Company and GEMicroGen established a joint venture company, and the product was renamed GEHomeGen7000, and GEMicroGen Company was responsible for the global promotion. This product will provide 7kW continuous power. GE/Plug company claims that its price at the beginning of 200 1 is 1500 USD /kW. They predict that in five years, the price of mass-produced fuel cells will drop to $500/kW. Suppose there are 200,000 families, and each family is equipped with 7kW household fuel cell power generation equipment, and the total will be close to the capacity of nuclear power units. This decentralized power generation system can be used for peak power supply, and because of the decentralized system design, the stability of power is increased. Even if several of them fail, the whole power generation system can still operate normally. Under the impetus of Ballard, many automobile manufacturers participated in the development of fuel cell vehicles, such as Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Nissan, Volkswagen and Volvo. Many of the fuel cells they use are produced by Ballard Company. At the same time, they also invested a lot of money in the research and development of fuel cells. Chrysler recently injected 450 million Canadian dollars into Ballard Company to develop fuel cell vehicles, which greatly promoted the development of PEMFC. 1997, Toyota built a RAV4 sports car with methanol reformer, which was supplied with all 50kW energy by a 25kW fuel cell and auxiliary dry cells, with a top speed of 125km/h and a journey of 500km. At present, these big automobile companies all have fuel cell development plans. Although the time for commercialization of fuel cell vehicles is not yet ripe, several companies have determined the timetable for mass production. Daimler-Benz announced that it will produce 40,000 fuel cell vehicles every year by 2004. Therefore, in the next decade, it is very likely to reach100000 fuel cell vehicles. PEMFC is a promising new fuel cell. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have undergone earth-shaking changes from the early 1980s to the present after nearly 20 years of development. This change can be seen from the evolution process of its membrane electrode. Membrane electrode is the electrochemical heart of PEMFC, and it is precisely because of its changes that PEMFC shows great vitality today. The early membrane electrode was made by directly mixing platinum black with Tefion particles with waterproof and adhesive functions, and then hot pressing on the proton exchange membrane. Pt loading is as high as 10mg/cm2. Later, in order to improve the utilization rate of Pt, Pt/C catalyst was used, but the utilization rate of Pt was still very low. Until the mid-1980s, the Pt loading of PEMFC membrane electrode was still as high as 4mg/cm2. In the middle and late 1980s, LosAlamos National Laboratory (LANL) proposed a new method, in which Pt/C porous gas diffusion electrode was impregnated with Nafion proton exchange polymer solution, and then hot pressed to form membrane electrode on proton exchange membrane. This method greatly improves the utilization rate of platinum, and reduces the platinum loading of membrane electrode to 0.4mg/cm2. In 1992, LANL improved this method, and the Pt loading of membrane electrode was further reduced to 0. 13mg/cm2. 1995, the membrane electrode with Pt loading of 0. 1mg/cm2 was prepared by the Indian Electrochemical Energy Research Center (CEER) by spray impregnation method, and the performance was good. It is reported that the platinum loading on the membrane electrode has decreased to 0.05mg/cm2 in some single cells tested by LANL. The reduction of platinum loading on membrane electrode can directly reduce the cost of fuel cell and create conditions for its commercialization. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) In the early 1950s, molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) attracted worldwide attention because of its prospect as a large-scale civil power generation device. After that, MCFC developed rapidly, and the material, technology and structure of the battery were greatly improved, but the working life of the battery was not ideal. In 1980s, it has been regarded as the second generation fuel cell, and it has become the main research object of realizing megawatt commercial fuel cell power station in the near future, and its development speed is accelerating day by day. At present, the main developers of MCFC are concentrated in the United States, Japan and Western Europe. It is expected to be commercialized in 2002. The US Department of Energy (DOE) allocated US$ 44.2 million for the research of fixed fuel cell power plants last year, of which 2/3 will be used for the development of MCFC and 1/3 for the development of SOFC. The development of MCFC technology in the United States has always been mainly undertaken by two major companies, ERC(EnergyResearchCorporation) (now FuelCellEnergyInc) and M-CPower Company. They built MCFC reactors in different ways. Both companies have entered the stage of live demonstration: ERC 1996 has conducted an empirical test on a 2MW MCFC power station in Santa Clara, California, and is currently looking for a site to test the 3MW equipment. ERC's MCFC fuel cell is reformed without fuel gas in the cell, and there is no separate reformer. According to the test results, ERC redesigned the battery, changing the battery into a 250kW single battery stack instead of the original 125kW battery stack, so that the 3MW MCFC can be installed on the site of 0. 1 acre, which reduces the investment cost. It is estimated that ERC will provide 3MW equipment at a cost of $ 1200/kW. This is close to the equipment cost of a small gas turbine generator of $65,438+0,000/kW. However, the efficiency of small gas-fired power generation is only 30%, and there are problems of waste gas emission and noise. At the same time, American M-CPower Company has tested 250kW equipment at the Naval Air Station in San Diego, California, and now plans to test and improve 75kW equipment at the same place. M-CPower Company is developing 500kW modules and plans to start production in 2002. The study of MCFC in Japan began with the "Moonlight Project" of 198 1 year, and turned to focus after 199 1 year. The annual expenditure of fuel cells is12-1500 million USD, and the government adds 200 million USD to 1990. The power of the battery stack is 1kW at 1984 and 10kW at 1986. Japan studies both internal transformation and external transformation technology, and 30kW indirect internal transformation MCFC was put into trial operation in 199 1 year. 1992 50- 100kW trial run. 1994, two MCFC with 100kW and electrode area 1m2 were completed by Hitachi and Ishikawa Island respectively, and were reformed under pressure. In addition, the 1MW external reforming MCFC produced by Central Electric Power Company is being installed in Sichuan-Vietnam Thermal Power Plant. It is predicted that when natural gas is used as fuel, the thermoelectric efficiency will be more than 45% and the service life will be more than 5,000 hours ... The 30kW internal reforming MCFC developed by mitsubishi electric in cooperation with ERC Company of the United States has been in operation10,000 hours ... Sanyo has also developed the 30 kW internal reforming MCFC. At present, Ishikawa Island Broadcasting and Grinding Heavy Industry has the largest MCFC fuel cell stack in the world, and its test life has reached13000 h. In order to promote the research and development of MCFC, Japan established the MCFC Research Association in 1987, which is responsible for the research of fuel cell stack operation, power plant peripheral equipment and system technology, and now it has joined the 14 unit. As early as 1989, Europe formulated the 1 Joule plan, with the goal of establishing a "second generation" power plant with less environmental pollution, decentralized installation and 200MW power, including MCFC, SOFC and PEMFC, and distributing tasks to various countries. The research on MCFC is mainly carried out in the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Denmark and Spain. The research on MCFC in the Netherlands began with 1986, and the 1kW class battery stack was developed in 1989. 10kW external conversion type and 1kW internal conversion type battery stacks were tested at 1992, and coal gasification and coal gasification were tested at 1995. Italy began to implement the MCFC national research plan in 1986, and developed a 50- 100kW battery stack in 1992+0994. Italy's Ansodo Company signed an agreement with IFC on MCFC technology, and has installed a set of automatic production equipment for single battery (area 1m2), with annual production capacity. In 1992, German MBB Company completed the research and development of 10kW external conversion technology. With the assistance of ERC, the manufacturing and operation tests of 100kW and 250kW batteries were carried out in 1992-1994. Now, MBB has the largest 280 kW battery pack in the world. The data show that MCFC has unique advantages compared with other fuel cells: a. Power generation efficiency is higher than PAFC；; B, expensive platinum is not needed as a catalyst, and the manufacturing cost is low; Carbon monoxide can be used as fuel; D. Since the working temperature of MCFC is 600- 1000℃, the exhausted gas can be used for heating or combined with a steam turbine to generate electricity. If cogeneration, the efficiency can be improved to 80%; E. Comparing several power generation modes, when the load index is greater than 45%, the cost of MCFC power generation system is the lowest. Compared with PAFC, although the initial investment of MCFC is higher, the fuel cost of PAFC is much higher than that of MCFC. When the power generation system is small and medium-sized decentralized, the economy of MCFC is more prominent; The structure of MCFC is simpler than that of PAFC. SOFC of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) consists of electrolyte powered by ceramics such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and fuel and air electrodes powered by porous materials. Oxygen in the air is oxidized at the air electrode/electrolyte interface, moves to the fuel electrode side in the electrolyte under the action of oxygen difference between air and fuel, and reacts with hydrogen or carbon monoxide at the fuel electrode electrolyte interface to generate water vapor or carbon dioxide and release electrons. Electrons pass through the external circuit and return to the air electrode again, and electricity is generated at this time. The characteristic of SOFC is that it operates at high temperature (600- 1000℃), and by setting the bottom cycle, it can obtain more than 60% efficient power generation. Because oxygen ions move in the electrolyte, CO and coal gasification gas can also be used as fuels. Because the material of the battery body is solid, there is no evaporation and flow of electrolyte. In addition, the fuel electrode and the air electrode will not be corroded. The operating temperature is high, and internal modification such as methane can be carried out. Compared with other fuel cells, the power generation system is simple, and it can be expected to develop from small-capacity equipment to large-scale equipment, which has a wide range of uses. In the field of fixed power stations, SOFC has obvious advantages over PEMFC. SOFC rarely needs to treat fuel. Internal reforming, internal thermal integration and internal manifold make the system design simpler, and SOFC, gas turbine and other equipment are also easy to carry out efficient cogeneration. The picture below shows the world's first SOFC and gas turbine hybrid power station developed by Siemens Westinghouse. It was installed in the University of California in May 2000, with a power of 220kW and a power generation efficiency of 58%. The power generation efficiency of SOFC/ gas turbine will reach 60-70% in the future. SOFC, known as the third generation fuel cell, is under active research and development, and is one of the emerging new power generation methods. The United States is the first country to study SOFC in the world, and Westinghouse Electric Company of the United States has played a particularly important role in it, becoming the most authoritative institution for SOFC research. As early as 1962, Westinghouse electric company used methane as fuel to obtain current in SOFC test device, and pointed out that hydrocarbon fuel must complete two basic processes: catalytic conversion and electrochemical reaction in SOFC, which laid the foundation for the development of SOFC. In the following 10 year, the company cooperated with OCR to connect 400 small cylindrical ZrO _ 2-Cao electrolytes and trial-produce 100W batteries, but this form is not suitable for large power generation devices. After 1980s, in order to open up new energy sources and alleviate the energy crisis caused by the shortage of oil resources, SOFC research has developed vigorously. Westinghouse Electric Company applied electrochemical vapor deposition technology to the preparation of SOFC electrolyte and electrode film, which reduced the thickness of electrolyte layer to micron level and significantly improved the performance of the battery, thus turning a new page in the research of SOFC. In the middle and late 1980s, it began to study high-power SOFC batteries. 1986,400w tubular SOFC battery pack was successfully operated in Tennessee. 1987, Tokyo Gas Company and Osaka Gas Company installed 3kW tubular SOFC generator sets respectively, and successfully conducted 5000h continuous operation test, which marked that SOFC research moved from experimental research to commerce. In 1990s, DOE continued to invest more than 64 million dollars in Nishiya Electric Company, aiming at developing high conversion rate and 2MW SOFC generator set. 1992, two 25kW tubular SOFC were operated for thousands of hours in Osaka, Japan and Southern California, USA. Starting from 1995, Westinghouse Electric Company adopted air electrode as the support tube, replacing the original CaO stabilized ZrO2 support tube, simplifying the structure of SOFC and increasing the power density of the battery by nearly three times. The company has built a 100kW tubular SOFC system for Utilies Company in the Netherlands, with a total energy utilization rate of 75%, which has been officially put into use. At present, SiemensWestinghouse has announced that it will soon build two 250kWSOFC demonstration power plants near Toronto, Norway and Toronto, Canada. The picture below shows the SOFC demonstration power plant installed by Westinghouse in the Netherlands. It can provide 1 10kW of electricity and 64kW of heat, the power generation efficiency is 46%, and the running time is14000h ... This passage comments on the fuel cell editor.
Fuel cells must use gas fuel with good fluidity when working. Hydrogen is used in low-temperature fuel cells, and natural gas and gas can be directly used in high-temperature fuel cells. What is the prospect of this fuel? China is rich in natural gas reserves, and the proven land reserves are 1.9 trillion m3. Experts believe that the proven natural gas reserves in China are 30 trillion cubic meters. China will also make use of the rich natural gas resources of neighboring countries. Russia's proven natural gas reserves in western Siberia are 38.6 trillion cubic meters, which can supply 20-30 billion cubic meters of gas to China every year. Russian East Siberia has proven natural gas reserves of 3 13 trillion m3, which can supply gas to China100 ~ 20 billion m3 every year. The proven natural gas reserves in Russian Far East and Sakhalin Island are 1 trillion m3, which can supply gas to the northeast of China every year. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in Central Asia have proven natural gas reserves of 6.77 trillion cubic meters, which can supply 30 billion cubic meters of gas to the outside world. China plans to lay 9,000 kilometers of natural gas pipeline before 20 10, which is expected to form a pattern of "two vertical, two horizontal and four hubs and five gas depots" and form a reliable gas supply system. Two of them are north-south gas transmission trunk lines, namely Sakhalin-Daqing-Shenyang trunk line and Irkutsk-Beijing-Rizhao-Shanghai gas transmission trunk line. At present, China's production capacity is about 30 billion m3/a, 20 10 70 billion m3, and 20201000 ~1000 billion m3. The main component of natural gas is CH4 (about 90%), which has high calorific value (8600 ~ 9500 kcal per cubic meter of natural gas) and is easy to transport. It is economical to transport by pipeline within 3000 kilometers. In the past half century, most countries in the world have completed the transition from coal age to oil age as soon as possible, and are transitioning to oil and gas age. For example, in 1950, the proportion of coal in the world energy structure was 57.5%, while in 1996 it dropped to 26.9%, natural gas accounted for 23.5%, and oil accounted for 39%, both of which accounted for 63%. According to the current consumption forecast of the energy sector, oil can only be used for another 20 years, while natural gas can be used for 100 years. Therefore, 2 1 century is called "natural gas century". China's energy industry will also keep up with the world energy consumption trend. In addition, due to the need of environmental protection and the popularization of IGCC technology, the technology of large-scale coal gasification plant has passed the standard. According to experts in the field of coal, the current technology can completely convert coal into hydrogen, and the conversion efficiency can reach 80%. The efficiency of providing fuel cells as fuel is much higher than that of traditional thermal power plants.
Edit the economy of this paragraph.
Fuel cell is a kind of energy utilization mode that is gradually improving. Its investment is decreasing. At present, the foreign commercial price of PEMFC in China is $65,438+0,500 /kW, and the price of PAFC is $3,000/kw. China Fuyuan Company announced that the price of PEMFC accepting orders was 10000 yuan /kW. Other fuel cells have no commercial products in China for the time being. Compared with conventional thermal power investment, fuel cell power generation should consider not only power investment, but also long-distance transmission and distribution investment, auxiliary power consumption, transmission energy consumption and the efficiency of two energy conversion devices. In this way, the comprehensive investment of large thermal power plants is about 0/.3 ~1.5 million yuan per kilowatt. Power generation consumes more than twice as much fuel as fuel cells. According to the current lowest market price of natural gas in China (the market price of origin is 1 yuan /m3), when the power generation time exceeds 70,000 h, fuel cell power generation will be more economical than traditional heat engines. In the actual power generation project, the traditional heat engine power generation should also consider the problems of large area and heavy environmental pollution. With the continuous improvement of fuel cell power generation technology, the cost will continue to decrease, especially after large-scale production. It is reasonable to believe that this power generation mode will challenge the traditional heat engine power generation in the near future.
Edit this paragraph outlook
China is rich in rare earth resources, and there are very favorable conditions for developing MCFC and SOFC technologies. MCFC and SOFC, which use natural gas and purified gas as fuel, have power generation efficiency as high as 55% ~ 65%, and can also provide high-quality waste heat for combined cycle power generation, so they are excellent regional power stations. When cogeneration, the fuel utilization rate is as high as 80%. Experts believe that its relationship with various large central power stations is quite similar to the relationship between personal computers and large central computers, and the two complement each other. In 2 1 century, this regional, environmentally friendly and efficient power generation technology may develop into a major power supply mode. Recently, Japan proposed to popularize the application of fuel cells in 20 10, and suggested to developed countries in Europe and America to formulate safety standards and general specifications. With the reduction of its production cost, fuel cells will also develop rapidly in China, which will pose a favorable challenge to the traditional heat engine power generation. It is expected that its impact on the power system will be as follows:
Peak shaving capacity increased
PEMFC with hydrogen as fuel has been commercialized, and foreign fuel cells with 3kW, 5kW and 7kW cogeneration are entering the home, and hundreds of kW fuel cells are entering hotels, restaurants, shopping malls and other places. These power equipment, like small photovoltaic power generation equipment, can not only generate electricity independently, but also connect to the power grid. In order to obtain hydrogen fuel, a fuel reformer is currently added before impure hydrogen fuel cells. According to experts, the hydrogen storage technology of carbon nanotubes has made a breakthrough. With the development of commercialization, it will be as convenient to realize home power generation as using gas stoves and gas tanks together. Buying a can of hydrogen can generate electricity for several months (3kg of hydrogen can make an average car travel 500km). In the presence of coal
Save the construction cost of distribution network
There are many remote mountain villages and islands in China, far away from or at the end of the power grid, and the electricity consumption is not large. From the commercial point of view, it is not cost-effective to erect high-voltage lines, but it is difficult to achieve the goal of electrifying every village without erection. Using fuel cells, using local biomass gas as fuel, combined with local wind energy and solar energy, can meet the local long-term electricity demand. This can make the investment more reasonable and improve the economic benefits of the power grid.
Improve the security of power grid
The power grid adopts high-voltage long-distance transmission to transport hydropower in remote mountainous areas and thermal power in pits, intersections and Haikou to the load center. In recent years, many power grid accidents at home and abroad have proved that this system is often very fragile in the face of natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, rainstorm, ice and snow, lightning and so on. The decentralized fuel cells added to the power grid will greatly improve the security of the power grid. When the long-distance basic load power supply trips, the fuel cell can play a certain supporting role in the power grid to ensure the power demand of important users. With the breakthrough of MCFC and SOFC technology, the laying of natural gas pipelines and the solution of large-scale coal gasification technology, people will see that it will be more economical and safe to change long-distance power transmission into long-distance gas transmission for large-scale power systems using fossil energy, and to apply various fuel cells combining large, medium and small to supply power and heat near the load.
Power grid management
Fuel cell power generation will increase the management complexity. First of all, fuel cells are all DC and need to be converted into the network, so it will be necessary to control harmonics; The second is price management. Every small system has electricity exchange with the power grid and needs reasonable price management. This is the same as other new energy sources (such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass power generation), with small power consumption and large management capacity.