4;
on March 1st, 1994, the excavation of the No.2 pit of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, the world-famous "eighth wonder of the world", was officially started. This is one of the great archaeological discoveries since this century.
bronze spears, crossbows, bronze arrowheads, and broken swords have been unearthed in the No.2 terracotta cave. Among them, a number of bronze swords, 86 cm in length, have eight facets on their bodies. Archaeologists measured with vernier calipers and found that the errors of these eight edges were less than a hair, and 19 bronze swords and swords have been unearthed. These bronze swords have dense internal structure, bright and smooth body, fine grinding lines on the blade, and no staggered texture. They have been sleeping in loess for more than 2, years, but they are as bright as new and extremely sharp when unearthed. After testing, researchers found that the surface of the sword has a layer of chromium salt compound with a thickness of 1 microns. This discovery immediately caused a sensation in the world, because this chromium salt oxidation treatment method was only an advanced technology that appeared in modern times. Germany invented and applied for patents in 1937 and the United States in 195.
When cleaning the first hole in the No.1 pit, archaeologists found that a bronze sword was bent by a clay figurine with a respect of 15kg, and its bending degree exceeded 45 degrees. When people removed the clay figurine, an amazing miracle appeared: the narrow and thin bronze sword bounced straight in an instant and naturally recovered. The "shape memory alloy" dreamed by contemporary metallurgists actually appeared in ancient tombs more than 2, years ago.
In fact, the method of oxidation treatment of chromium salt is by no means an invention in the Qin Shihuang era. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China people mastered this advanced technology.
During the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, defeated Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and performed the last scene of hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period. The passage of time has made this thrilling war sleep quietly in the long scroll of history, and busy future generations have almost forgotten it.
However, when an archaeological team was excavating an ancient tomb in the Spring and Autumn Period, they accidentally found a long sword covered with mud, and a line of ancient seal characters on the sword-"The Sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, used by himself" jumped into people's eyes. This major archaeological discovery immediately caused a sensation throughout the country, but even more sensational news came from the scientific research report on Gu Jian. The first thing that caught the researchers' attention was: Why didn't this Gu Jian rust after being buried underground for more than two thousand years? Why is it still cold and sharp? Through further research, it is found that the reason why the sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, is not rusted for thousands of years is that the sword is coated with a layer of chromium-containing metal. As we all know, chromium is a rare metal with extremely high corrosion resistance, and the content of chromium in earth rocks is very low, so it is very difficult to extract it. Furthermore, chromium is a high-temperature resistant metal, and its melting point is about 4℃.
There were too many secrets in Chinese civilization. Who could have imagined that scientific inventions in the 195s would have appeared more than 2 years before BC? Who can imagine that the sword wielded by Qin Shihuang's soldiers turned out to be a masterpiece that has not been invented by modern science? The question is, after the discovery, what attitude do we use to explain this extraordinary precocity of science and technology? We really don't want to see some people use "accident" to explain it. It should have a more specific explanation. If the above facts are true (at least chromium salt oxidation treatment is not false), then we will ask: what is their technical source?
Five:
The mystery of hanging coffins in Jiuquxi, Wuyishan
Like celestial burial and water burial, hanging coffins burial is an ancient form of funeral. Burial sites are generally chosen on the high cliffs near the river. Coffins are placed in natural or artificial caves tens to hundreds of meters away from the water, while others are directly placed on suspended wooden stakes. There are still more than ten hanging coffin remains on the cliffs on both sides of Jiuqu River in Wuyishan.
According to carbon-14 analysis, the two well-preserved coffins of Baiyan and Guanyinyan are more than 3, years ago, and the turtle-shaped wooden plate buried with them is a relic with bronze cultural characteristics of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
according to textual research, there were many tribes, large and small, in the south of China in those days, and most of them had certain cultural characteristics in common, so they were collectively called Guyue people today. The boat is an indispensable appliance in the life of the ancient Vietnamese, and putting the dead in a boat-shaped coffin is a respect for the dead. Out of admiration for the mountains, they placed the deceased in the place closest to the "gods" so that they would not be disturbed by the world, thus better protecting future generations.
How did a coffin weighing hundreds of kilograms get placed on the hanging cliff? It is inferred from the square holes drilled at the front and rear ends of the coffin lid for threading rope that it is suspended by hanging rope. The terrain behind or on both sides of the cliff where the hanging coffin is placed is generally gentle. People first transport the coffin up the mountain, send craftsmen to chisel the cave or set up wooden stakes, and then hoist the coffin. Sometimes, a parallel passage is cut along the cliff wall first, and the coffins are pushed in turn, so that a number of coffins can be placed centrally to save a lot of trouble. According to the Records of Land and Water in Linhai by Kuloko Shen, a native of Wu in the Three Kingdoms Period, the people who settled down in Rui 'an, Zhejiang, and Lianjiang, Fujian were very similar to those who lived in Taiwan Province and Yizhou, and they all had the custom of hanging coffins. Among the Yamei people in Lanyu, a remote island in Taiwan Province, this burial custom has been preserved to this day.
Author: 222.249.37.* 27-1-16 14:16 Reply to this statement
------. But compared with the survival years of dinosaurs, it was only a moment.
In Mesozoic, the earth was once a world dominated by dinosaurs. Dinosaurs can be seen everywhere, whether in plain forests or swamps. They lived on the earth for more than 13 million years, but somehow, the dinosaurs became extinct, and all of them disappeared from the earth forever. This is really an eternal mystery.
For more than a hundred years, I don't know how many scientists have tried to uncover the secret of dinosaur childlessness, but they can't always justify themselves. With the mutual penetration of many disciplines in natural science, some new theories about the extinction of dinosaurs have appeared in recent years.
Some scientists think that the extinction of dinosaurs was due to the cold climate. At the end of Cretaceous, 65 million years ago, the whole earth was extensively cold, the daily temperature difference increased, and the hot and cold seasons alternated obviously. Dinosaurs used to living in tropical environment could not hibernate like snakes and lizards, and they did not hide in caves to avoid the cold like fur animals. Dinosaurs are warm-blooded animals, and they have no appearance and physiological function to keep out the cold, so they can't resist and adapt to the cold attack, and finally they are ruthlessly eliminated by nature.
Some scientists assert that the extinction of dinosaurs was the result of crustal movement. About 7 million years ago, a strong crustal movement occurred on the earth, which caused some basins to uplift and shallow hills to appear, thus causing water and forests to dry up. At the same time, the seabed changed, the sea level dropped by more than 3 meters, and the land between Asia and North America began to connect, and a large number of animals moved to dinosaur habitats, making food supply difficult, so that dinosaurs were in a state of "food shortage".
Some scientists have suggested that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by the collision and explosion of stars. In the late Cretaceous, an asteroid with a diameter of about 1 kilometers violently collided with the earth. The impact speed is about 1, kilometers per hour. During the impact, amazing dust is raised. The dust floats in the atmosphere and even blocks the sunlight, which makes the earth dark for a period of time, the temperature drops, the photosynthesis of plants stops, plants wither, the "food chain" is interrupted, and dinosaurs die one after another.
Some scientists speculate that dinosaurs were poisoned by flowering plants and were extinct. Dinosaurs lived in Mesozoic, and gymnosperms such as ferns, cycads, gingko, pine and cypress dominated the plant kingdom. There were many tannins in these plants, which did no harm to dinosaurs. However, 12 million years ago, the earliest flowering plants appeared. These flowering plants often contained strong alkaloids, which adversely affected the physiology of dinosaurs. Some alkaloids, such as brucine, were very toxic. Dinosaurs swallowed a lot of alkaloids, and the toxin reaction caused serious physiological disorders and led to death.
The extinction of dinosaurs is due to interspecific competition and intraspecific competition-this is the understanding of other scientists. The activities of one organism often directly or indirectly endanger the survival of another organism, so there is direct or indirect competition, which is called "interspecific competition". Such as meat, competition between animals and herbivores, and competition between animals. In the era of dinosaurs, carnivores with strong fertility and developed brains appeared. They ate a lot of eggs laid by dinosaurs, which led to the death of dinosaurs. Dinosaur egg has been found in Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Guangdong. In particular, Shixing County, northern Guangdong Province, found the largest and best-preserved dinosaur egg in the world, with 34 and 35 pieces in a nest respectively, and found existing dinosaur fossils. ) In order to survive, creatures of the same species attack and devour each other as "intraspecific competition". Tyrannosaurus Rex, for example, is a bully in the dinosaur family. Its head is 1.5 meters long, and its jaws have sharp-edged teeth, which can devour other herbivorous dinosaurs at will. Dinosaurs can be divided into herbivores and carnivores, with a large length of more than 2 meters. For example, dinosaurs found in the United States are 27 meters long, and Mamenxi dragons found in Sichuan, China are 22 meters long and weigh 4 to 5 tons. Dinosaurs about the size of roosters were found in Luban, Yunan, China, but they were counted as two. This phenomenon of "everything has its vanquisher, the law of the jungle" led to the final extinction of dinosaurs.
although all the above statements have some truth, each statement cannot be justified and cannot be fully affirmed by the scientific community. For example, "dinosaurs ate flowering plants and died out", then pterosaurs in the air and ichthyosaurs in the water didn't eat flowering plants on land at all, so why did they die out with other dinosaurs at the same time? But the duck-billed dragon, ceratosaurus and other groups are more prosperous after the emergence of flowering plants? In a word, the mysteries in the evolutionary history of these creatures have not been completely uncovered so far.