Patent licenses include general licenses, exclusive licenses, exclusive licenses, sub-licenses and cross-licenses. General licensing is the most common form of licensing, in which the licensor allows the licensee to implement the relevant patent within a specified area, while retaining the right to implement the patent and sign a licensing contract for the patent with a third party. An exclusive license is a form of licensing in which the licensee not only has the right to exploit the relevant patent within a specified territory, but also has the right to exclude all others, including the licensor, from exploiting the patent. When an infringement is discovered, the licensee has the right to initiate legal proceedings directly in court; the licensee of an exclusive license generally also has the right to issue sublicenses to third parties. Therefore, within the territory specified in the licensing contract, the rights of the licensee of an exclusive license are almost the same as those of the patentee. An exclusive license is basically the same as an exclusive license except that it does not exclude the licensor from implementing the relevant patent. The royalties for an exclusive or exclusive license are usually higher than the royalties for a general license. Cross-licensing is a form of licensing in which technology traders exchange patented technologies of equal value for mutual benefit.