(Lu Xicheng)
Irrigation equipment that sprays water into fine drops under pressure. It is the main part of sprinkler irrigation system. Compared with surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation has the advantages of saving water, labor, soil and fertilizer, strong adaptability, easy mechanization and automation.
Sprinkler irrigation came into being at the end of 19. At first, it was only used to spray lawns and garden flowers, and later it was used to spray nurseries and crops. Early sprinkler irrigation was a fixed pipeline system, and the pipeline was cast iron pipe. With the application of high-efficiency sprinkler, thin-walled aluminum pipe, light plastic pipe and quick pipe joint, sprinkler irrigation has developed rapidly. China established the first batch of sprinkler irrigation stations in the mid-1950s, most of which were stationary, mainly used to irrigate vegetables. In the late 1950s, some sprinkler irrigation equipment was developed, which initiated the method of self-pressure sprinkler irrigation in mountainous areas. In 1970s, sprinkler irrigation developed rapidly, producing various types of nursery and crop sprinkler irrigation equipment, as well as various sprinkler irrigation methods such as moving and rotating needles.
Sprinkler composition
Irrigation facilities consisting of irrigation water source, sprinkler irrigation equipment and field engineering are called sprinkler irrigation system. Sprinkler irrigation equipment usually consists of three parts: water supply machinery, water pipeline and sprinkler. According to the installation and mobility of components, it can be divided into fixed, semi-fixed and mobile. Fixed sprinkler irrigation equipment is fixed, and water supply machinery is placed at the water source. The main pipe and branch pipes of water pipelines are generally buried underground, and risers are installed on the branch pipes at a certain distance, and nozzles are screwed on the risers. During sprinkler irrigation, all sprinklers can be turned on, or they can be turned on in sections. According to the use requirements, the sprinkler can be round or fan-shaped for sprinkler irrigation. The branch pipe of semi-fixed sprinkler irrigation equipment can be moved as required and connected with the reserved valve on the main pipe. Its equipment can be moved.
irrigator
An integral device consisting of a water pump, a power machine, a water pipeline, a nozzle and its supporting parts. According to its moving mode, it can be divided into self-propelled, mechanical and manual. According to its operation mode, it is divided into fixed-point sprinkler irrigation and continuous sprinkler irrigation. The water distribution of continuous sprinkler irrigation is uniform, and the irrigation amount can be changed by adjusting its moving speed. The water distribution of fixed-point sprinkler irrigation is not uniform enough. According to the number of nozzles, nozzles can be divided into single nozzles and multiple nozzles. According to the power, it is divided into light (3 ~ 6 horsepower), small (10 ~ 12 horsepower), medium (28 ~ 40 horsepower) and large (above 54 horsepower).
Shower head of sprinkler
The function of sprinkler is to spray pressurized water into the air, disperse it into fine water droplets and spread it evenly in the irrigation area where it reaches. A sprinkler with good performance requires not only simple structure, stable and reliable operation, but also suitable sprinkler irrigation intensity and atomization degree, reasonable water distribution and low energy consumption. Nozzle can be divided into low-pressure nozzle (short-range nozzle), medium-pressure nozzle (medium-range nozzle) and high-pressure nozzle (long-range nozzle) according to its working pressure and range. According to its structural characteristics and working characteristics, it can be divided into fixed type and rotary type. Rotating nozzle is also called jet nozzle. It makes the pressure water flow through the nozzle and the nozzle to form a concentrated jet, and at the same time, the driving mechanism makes the nozzle rotate around the vertical axis. Under the action of air resistance and crushing mechanism, the jet is crushed into fine water droplets, which are sprayed around the nozzle to form a circular or fan-shaped water spraying area with a radius of range. According to the way of driving the nozzle to rotate, it can be divided into three types: reaction type, impeller type and rocker type. Rocker nozzle is widely used in forestry. Fixed sprinkler, also known as sprinkler or diffusion sprinkler, all parts of sprinkler are fixed during sprinkler irrigation, and the sprayed water is sprayed radially outward at the same time, and the wetted area is circular or fan-shaped. Its range is smaller than that of rotary sprinkler, generally only 5 ~ 10 meter. With high degree of automation, simple structure and reliable work, it is mostly used in greenhouses, vegetable fields and parks. The fixed sprinkler is installed on the linear sprinkler, which can not only improve the spraying quality, but also save energy, and is suitable for sprinkler irrigation of small seeds in the germination stage of forestry nursery.
Nozzle classification table by working pressure and range
water pump
Its function is to pressurize the irrigation water and ensure the working pressure required by the sprinkler. Commonly used pumps include centrifugal pump, self-priming centrifugal pump, long shaft well pump, deep well submersible pump, etc.
power machine
Power machines that drive water pumps include motors, diesel engines, gasoline engines and tractors. The power of the power machine depends on the requirements of the matching water pump. The picture below shows the sprinkler irrigation equipment driven by diesel engine.
Spray irrigation equipment driven by diesel engine
The development trend of sprinkler irrigation technology is: adopting low-pressure sprinkler irrigation; Irrigation by combining sprinkler irrigation with drip irrigation; Wind power generation, solar energy, biogas, etc. Used as sprinkler irrigation power are: slow sprinkler irrigation, intermittent sprinkler irrigation, pulse sprinkler irrigation, fine drop sprinkler irrigation and so on. Used to improve the uniformity and atomization degree of spraying and reduce the intensity of sprinkler irrigation; Further study and expand the comprehensive utilization of sprinkler irrigation equipment to improve economic benefits.
philology
Shi, Dou, Zhu Yaozhou: Planning and design of sprinkler irrigation equipment and sprinkler irrigation system, Water Conservancy and Electric Power Press, 1979.