The difference between the upper concept and the function-limited expression range in patent writing

In order to be supported by the specification, the advanced concept must meet the requirements of specific embodiments to utilize the technical features contained in the advanced concept. For example, in the concrete implementation of the embodiment, the listed copper, iron and aluminum all use their conductivity or heat transfer performance, and all metals have conductivity and heat transfer performance, so it is no problem to write "metal". If the embodiment uses aluminum as the characteristic of light metal, the heavy metal contained in the superordinate concept "metal" cannot achieve the corresponding technical effect.

"At this time, the metal materials in the claim can include other metal materials with the same function besides iron, copper, aluminum and stainless steel, but it will never be understood as including all metal materials, even including metal materials such as sodium and gold." —————————— Here is a key word, that is, it can achieve equivalent effect. As transmission parts, the properties of hard metals are used, but sodium and metals are soft metals and cannot be used to manufacture transmission parts, so they cannot be included. If the claim is written like this, "the examiner thinks that there are one or more sub-optimal features that cannot achieve the relevant technical effects, then it is determined that the claim cannot be supported by the specification", and the conclusion is this.