After the Second Opium War, the Beiyang Navy and students sent to study in Europe were threatened by western capitalist powers. In order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing Dynasty was eager to establish a modern naval force. In 1861, the Qing Dynasty decided to form its own navy because it failed to invite Horatia Nelson Lay, an Englishman, to buy warships. Many Qing officials asked to send overseas students to Europe. Li Hongzhang clearly pointed out that the navy "is a special study of western countries, and it is impossible to know everything without personal practice." Shen Baozhen, Fujian's shipping minister, also believes that sending young people to Europe to study the navy "will get twice the result with half the effort". From 65438 to 875, Wu went to study in Britain from Hong Kong, studied law at Lincoln Law School, and soon became a British barrister, which attracted great attention from the British. In 1875, the French technical director of Fuzhou Maritime Bureau returned to Europe. In order to broaden the horizons of the technical backbone of the shipyard and increase their talents,, and Chen Qitang were selected to study in Britain and France. This is actually the forerunner of sending international students. From 65438 to 876, Li Hongzhang sent Zhu and others to Germany to study technology. For various reasons, this dispatch ended in failure. In view of this, Li Hongzhang and other westernization bureaucrats decided to select outstanding young people with good foundation in all aspects from Fuzhou Ship Administration School to study in Europe. Fuzhou Ship Administration School, founded in 1866, is the first new school in China to study natural science. Zuo founded the school to train naval talents; The second is to train technical backbone for Fuzhou Maritime Bureau.
the ship administration school is divided into two institutions: the front hall and the back hall. The front hall is mainly manufacturing, that is, manufacturing school; The back hall is dominated by wheels, that is, navigation and turbine. Both the front hall and the back hall attach great importance to foreign languages and employ foreign teachers. The students they recruit are either smart young people with several years of service experience or high flyers who has passed the rigorous examination. After five or six years, the school of ship administration has made great achievements, but it still can't meet the talent demand for establishing a new navy. Therefore, Shen Baozhen pointed out in particular: first, select the outstanding students of the previous session to study shipbuilding in France and master new foreign technologies; Secondly, make excellent ones, learn from backyard students, go to Britain to learn surveillance and naval exercises, and be proficient in "winning after practice"; After the first batch of international students return to China, they will be sent to the second and third batches, which will take short time and get quick results. His suggestion is more practical. After raising funds, it didn't take long for students studying in Europe to go abroad. Sending students to study in Europe has obvious characteristics: first, the number is small, and students are sent in stages. In April, 1877, Shen Baozhen selected 14 students, 4 art students and 12 driving students from Fuzhou Ship Administration School, led by Li and Frenchman Riyige, and set off for Britain and France. Four years later, in December 1881, Li Hongzhang sent 1 people from Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy and Fuzhou Ship Administration Academy to study in France, Britain and Germany to learn manufacturing, gunpowder, torpedoes and driving. Five years later, in March 1886, Li Hongzhang selected 1 outstanding students from Beiyang Naval Academy, 14 driving students and 14 manufacturing students from Fuzhou Ship Administration Academy for the second time, and went to study in Britain and France, mainly studying surveying and mapping, driving and other majors.
In this way, from the 196s to the end of 198s, the Beiyang Navy was initially established, and * * * sent 88 students to study in Europe. The length of time, the large interval and the scattered number are all above the original children. Second, it has a long history and a strong foundation. Most of the students studying in Europe are young people around the age of 2, who can live and study independently and have a certain ability to distinguish. Students studying in Europe, in particular, have achieved a high level of education before going abroad. Most of them have mastered some basic scientific knowledge, passed the foreign language level, mastered the basic skills of navigation, operation and manufacturing, and at least have the technical secondary school level. Sending such students to study in Europe not only embodies the targeted and targeted practical principles, but also enables students to improve step by step. Third, the deadline is short and the regulations are strict. The time limit for students to study in Europe is not completely uniform, which is roughly two, three or four years, and the longest is six years. At the same time, there are clear and strict regulations on schools, curriculum objectives and learning procedures during studying abroad. Qing * * * stipulates that students studying in Europe generally choose to complete 15 courses. However, one of the general principles for students studying in Europe is military science, specifically, learning naval technology. There are also detailed regulations in practice. In a word, learning and application are closely combined. For example, in 1877, Zheng Qinglian, a student studying in Europe, first entered the French official school to learn how to make marine engines, and then visited shipyards in Britain, France and Belgium, as well as engine factories and steel mills. He once went to a government-run factory to learn the methods of material inspection and refining. After studying abroad, he is responsible for building Dingyuan and other ships. It can be seen that applying what he has learned is a major feature of studying in Europe.
generally speaking, students studying in Europe have played a great role in coastal defense and naval construction after returning home because of their clear purpose, solid foundation, moderate age and strict regulations. He not only fought bravely in the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, but also became a group of rare technical backbones of the South and North Ocean Naval Shipyards, and contributed to the rejuvenation of the motherland with full patriotic enthusiasm. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, students studying in Europe were calm and brave, and their strong patriotism was fully reflected in them. After the naval battle began, Lin Yongsheng hung the flag high, unloaded the wooden ladder in the cabin, and prepared to cross the rubicon. He saw a Japanese ship injured and tilted from a distance, so he "chased it with drums and wheels", only to be besieged by enemy ships and "smashed the hull" and died heroically. He is 42 years old. Lin Tai, the leader of Zhenyuan Pipeline, was once determined and skilled. At the beginning of the naval battle, he commanded the ship to run at full speed and frequently fired at Japanese ships. The ship caught fire when the enemy's gunfire came. He ordered to put out the fire and attack at the same time. Later, while avoiding the torpedo attack, he ran into a rock, the bottom of the boat broke and his life was dying. He was "a God-fearing man who committed suicide by taking poison". Liu was in charge of Dingyuan ship in the Sino-Japanese War. He is quick-witted, calm and flexible in command. He shelled the Japanese ship Xijing Maru and Japan's flagship Matsushima, which sank many times. After being injured, Taishouding volunteered to take command on his behalf and arranged skillfully. "The enemy's guns can't be won, because the times are changing." At the critical moment, he ordered the officer (one of them stayed at Ou Sheng) to aim at the No.4 artillery position of the Song Dao Ship and fired frequently, causing the enemy ship to be injured and tilted 5 degrees. The officers and men "killed and injured more than 1 people, and the bodies were everywhere, full of blood."
in the battle of Ahava, Liu was besieged by Japanese troops on all sides, and his life was dying, but he persisted in fighting and refused to surrender. Finally committed suicide by taking poison. The ship is dead, and the ambition is awe-inspiring. Students studying in Europe assigned to Beiyang Navy are skilled and enthusiastic, and become decisive figures in naval construction. Liu is familiar with business and dares to be responsible. He was promoted to the right-wing company commander of Beiyang Navy, responsible for all technical business of the Navy. At that time, the navy prefect Ding was a "military man" and did not understand naval technology. "All customs drills and rectification matters" was presided over by Liu. Su Lin, who studied in Europe, was the commander-in-chief of the left wing of Beiyang Navy and made important contributions to the formation, training, weapons and equipment of the navy. Others, such as Lin, Liu Guanxiong, etc., also had great influence on modern naval construction. As for the duct tape of Beiyang Navy's 12 capital ship, most of them are international students in service. In a word, they played a decisive role in the construction of Beiyang Navy. Shipbuilding, weapons industry, students studying in Europe, after they entered Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, their appearance changed greatly. Wei Han, Li Shoutian and others set up engineering offices. After the establishment of the organization, it changed the chaotic situation and began to direct the construction of cruisers. This is a severe test for international students. However, Wei Han and others not only have the courage to overcome difficulties, but also have the spirit of studying hard. "Four or five years passed like a day", and finally the largest cruiser "Kaiji" was designed and manufactured by our country.
Because of its excellent parts, advanced calculation method and technology, it is flexible and durable to operate after launching, and has been praised by Chinese and foreign people. Since then, the agency has built two cruisers, which are "accurate in manufacturing method, fast in ship speed and much more economical". The British naval officers who witnessed the scene were amazed. "It's all called beautiful equipment." Since then, Fuzhou Maritime Bureau has entered the stage of self-design and self-manufacture. Ships such as Tai 'an and Henghai were designed and built by the Engineering Department. They are skilled and skilled. "They can all strive for perfection and create an unprecedented miracle in China". That is, "the armored wheels and giant wheels of big iron ships can also be made by themselves, and there is no need to buy them abroad." In addition to shipbuilding, foreign students are also responsible for the design and manufacture of various weapons. For example, gunpowder, bullets, casting guns for mining, torpedoes and mines are mostly made by students studying in Europe. Lin, who studied in France, has a good understanding of-manufacturing, and "can get its essence and understand its mystery", which has contributed to the manufacturing of-. During his study in Britain, France and Germany, Chen became interested in making steam engines, studied hard and carried them forward. After returning to China, he worked as the chief engineer of steam engine manufacturing in the engineering department of Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, guiding the technological process of the whole plant and achieved remarkable results. At the same time, he "flattened" the oars, which won the appreciation of foreign countries and followed suit. He also invented the water pump, which was "learned by westerners" and some people even named it after Chen.
all these show that students studying in Europe have made remarkable achievements in learning western technology and building their own motherland. In addition, some students studying in Europe are assigned to Fuzhou Ship Administration School, Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy and other schools as teaching subjects, and they are taught by spur, so as to cultivate all kinds of urgently needed scientific, technological and management talents for qualified naval factories and enterprises. Yan Fu is an outstanding representative of students studying in Europe. He has benefited a lot from military technology, but the western bourgeois democratic thoughts have also exerted a subtle influence on them to varying degrees. What you gain outside this major is more important than mastering a certain technology. Yan Fu's contribution to the modern history of China is an obvious example. Yan Fu, who ranked first in the 1-person exam in 1866, went to England to study in 1877. First, he went to Bao Si Maide School, and then went to Grinitz Naval School, where he studied mathematics, physics, chemistry, driving, naval camp, strategy and tactics. At this time, Yan Fu scored "excellent" in the exam, and at the same time he became interested in British social organizations and various bourgeois social and political theories. The question he is eager to answer is why Britain is rich and strong and why China is backward. To this end, he went to the English court to attend the trial and went into the house to listen to the debate. He went to residential areas to learn about grass-roots social organizations and visited factories, schools, planetariums, museums, troops, shops and so on. He also often went to China's ambassador to Britain, Guo Songtao, to discuss issues repeatedly and exchange views. Guo Zan Yan Fu's "talking about Taoism vertically and horizontally" is in charge of "the profoundness of western learning".
Yan Fu has also read the famous works of western bourgeois theorists. Especially Darwin's On the Origin of Species, he not only studied it carefully, but also accepted the viewpoint of evolution in the book and became a believer of China's first asset, namely the theory of evolution. Through theoretical study and practical investigation, Yan Fu initially found the reason why Britain is strong and China is weak. He believes that it is not a technical difference, but an institutional difference, that is, the opposition between feudalism and bourgeois establishment and ruling faction. Yan Fu hoped to reform China's malpractice. He believes that "China has three important meanings: one is to get rid of taboos; Second, it is people; Third, the trend of specialization. " He urged China to follow the British road. Yan Fu used various occasions to publicize that China would set up factories and mines, build railways, revitalize commerce and develop capitalism. During his study in Britain, Yan Fu initially formed the bourgeois reform thought, which laid a solid foundation for his later translation of Western bourgeois masterpieces such as The Theory of Evolution, introducing bourgeois social and political theory, and providing new spiritual food for modern China people. Personal talents in law, diplomacy and translation have also emerged among students studying in Europe. For example, Wei Han is not only a famous engineer, but also proficient in law and obtained a doctorate in law. He has served as an "important envoy" in diplomacy and law for many times and made contributions to foreign negotiations. Chen Qitong studied French literature deeply in France and devoted himself to translation after returning to China, "with a view to transforming society through translation". His books written in French, such as Call for Zina and The Tragedy of the Yellow Shirt Army, are all the rage in France and are welcomed by overseas people.
He also translated China's classic literary masterpieces A Dream of Red Mansions and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio into French for the first time, which contributed to the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries. Ma Jianzhong is proficient in English, French, Greek and Latin. Ma Shi Wen Tong demonstrates the rigor of European characters, language structure, similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign languages in a simple way, and touches on "all literature, East and West, ancient and modern", which is profound and profound. People who read his books, "all call it essence, which is a must in ancient and modern times." Although the early students studying in Europe played an inestimable role in the Westernization Movement, during the Sino-Japanese War and the Reform Movement of 1898, few people went to Europe to study. It was not until the early 2th century that the Qing Dynasty sent more overseas students to Europe.
The exploration of the peasant class, the landlord class and the bourgeoisie conformed to the historical development trend of China, and promoted the progress of China society to a greater or lesser extent, but all ended in failure. The three kinds of subjective pursuit are relative to the objective effect of exploration, and there is a certain gap between ideal and reality. Generally speaking, their failure is mainly because their ideological theory is not necessarily scientific, their road is not necessarily practical, their psychology is not necessarily firm, and their rule is not strong enough. History did not choose the peasant class, the landlord class and the bourgeoisie, but left the stage to the proletariat representing the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people and the advanced productive forces, to Marxism and to China. The failure of the old democratic revolution and the victory of the new democratic revolution proved the superiority of China. But in any case, the exploration of people with lofty ideals reflects the efforts made by the Chinese nation for its own development. Dr. Sun Yat-sen said: "Our generation has assumed the responsibility of China's reform and development. Although the stone is rotten and the sea is dry, this body still exists, and this heart will not die. " Although the process of exploration is arduous and the road is tortuous, generations of people with lofty ideals have never chosen to give up exploring the future of China. This is the embodiment of the national spirit of the Chinese nation, which deserves our respect ~
During the Republic of China, but in the Qing Dynasty, the ideological tradition of China people was so serious that foreigners were not allowed to get married at all. So foreigners look down on China people and are ashamed to marry China people, so they won't marry China people. You have to ask whether the Japanese married foreigners, but there was no such thing as China marrying foreigners in the late Qing Dynasty, except during the Republic of China.
Yan Fu is an outstanding representative of students studying in Europe.