Chronology of figures
After three years of Daoguang (1823), you should take the test for boys.
After six years of Daoguang (1826), he was admitted to the county students. The next year, Cohen came first, and at the same time, all the celebrities came out. When you are with Lu Tongbo in Shunde, Gui and Yang in Nanhai, you are called "Four Handsome".
Daoguang has been serving students well for eleven years (183 1). /kloc-juren for 0/2 years (1832). Since then, from the 13th year of Daoguang to the 2nd year of Xianfeng (1833 ~ 1852), they have all been admitted to Sun Shan.
In the 14th year of Daoguang (1834), Li entered the Xuehaitang, which was founded when the famous scholar Ruan Yuan was in charge of Guangdong.
In the 20th year of Daoguang (1840 1 1), in October, Li was hired as the senior of Xuehaitang. In the past 27 years, he has trained many talented people and was called "School" by scholars at that time.
In the first month of the 29th year of Daoguang (1849 February), Li was awarded the second class merit and was awarded the discipline of Heyuan County, Guangdong Province. From November of thirty years to January of the first year of Xianfeng (1850, 65438+ February to 185 1 February), he took office for two months and returned to China after illness. Xianfeng six years (1856) was elected as the magistrate of a county, but he was unwilling to be an official in his class. He was invited to be an official in Beijing and went to imperial academy.
Xianfeng six years in June (1856 in July), written as "Han Confucianism Yi Tong" seven volumes.
In October of the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858 1 1), he wrote a general examination of temperament, which is a monograph on China's music history.
In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), Guangdong official transport ambassadors Fang Zizhen and Zhong Cheng Jiang Xiangquan transformed the "Changchun Xiangge" west of Yuexiu Mountain into a "Jupo Jingshe" (Academy) and hired Chen Li as the principal.
In the eighth year of Guangxu (1March, 882 1 1), Chen Li died of illness at the age of 73.
After Baisha, Shu Dong is the most literati in Lingnan.
Failed examiner/kloc-failed in 0/9 years.
In the eighth year of Guangxu (1March, 882 1 1), Chen Li died of illness at the age of 73.
The life of the character
Chen Li's ancestral home is Jiangning, Jiangsu (now Nanjing). During my grandfather's time, my family moved to Guangdong, but because my father's household registration in Guangdong was not done well, he could not take the imperial examination. Later he donated money to buy a magistrate.
18 10, Chen Li was born in Mupaitou, Guangzhou. At the age of 7, he began to study in a private school, studying the Analects of Confucius and Tang poetry. He has been very clever since he was a child. At the age of 9, I was able to write poems and compositions. 10 years old, my father died, and I began to read the family biography "Tong Jian", "One book of daily lessons, one year to finish".
In the next ten years, I studied in Guangzhou Yangcheng Academy, Yuexiu Academy, Yuehua Academy and Xuehaitang successively. Most of my studies are classical Chinese classics and exegesis of ci chapters to cope with the imperial examination.
1823, 14-year-old Chen Li embarked on a long road of imperial examination. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he was admitted as a scholar, and then took part in several provincial examinations. At the age of 23, he won the 18. Since then, from the age of 24, Chen Li has been to Beijing many times to take the Jinshi exam. 19 years later, he spent a lot of energy and never passed the exam.
Chen Li deeply realized the disadvantages of the imperial examination system from his turbulent career for many years. Therefore, he stopped wandering in the imperial examination field and decided to choose the road of writing books and cultivating talents.
Chen Li worked as a tutor when he was young, and gave lectures at Xuehaitang and Jupo Jingshe in Guangzhou from middle age to old age. He has been a senior at Xuehaitang since middle age. Xuehaitang, located on the Yuexiu Mountain, was founded by Ruan Yuan, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in 1824. When Li Chen was young, he studied here and took the exam presided by Ruan Yuan. He was an excellent student in Xuehaitang. There are many seniors in Xuehaitang, and scholars with both ability and political integrity or talented students are hired to teach, guide students to learn knowledge, and compile articles made by teachers and students into volumes and publish them into Xuehaitang anthology. Chen Li started his senior year at the age of 3 1, until 1867, a total of 27 years.
Historical evaluation
One of the "four beautiful men" who are proficient in arts and sciences.
Chen Li is well-read and has achieved in astronomy, geography, history, mathematics, poetry, music, philology and calligraphy. He, Lu Tongbai, Gui and Yang are also called "the four handsome men".
Chen Lishi studied poetry from Zhang Weiping, history from Hou Kang and mathematics from Liang. At the age of 25, he began to turn to academic research focusing on classics and history, and made many achievements and became famous. Guo Zeng, governor of Guangdong Province, once said: "Only those who have seen Chen Li in Guangdong will go to glad you came."
It took Chen Li nine years to write the most Confucian classics-oriented book Understanding the Meaning between Chinese and Confucianism. He collected the Theory of Righteousness in Han Dynasty, and proved that the views of Sinology and Song Studies were unfounded. It is pointed out that the academic division can not be measured by exegesis (that is, sinology) and righteousness (that is, Song studies); Advocate breaking the portal, learn from each other's strong points and learn from each other's strong points. He also verified that Ye Fan, the author of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, was executed for rebellion, which was an unjust case, and took rich historical facts as the book Fan Shen, which was unique in history. He studied Zhu, and wrote "A Study on the Southwest Waters of Water Mirror Zhu", which corrected his mistakes in warm water, wave water, ruo water, flood, foam water, Tsing Yi water, elm water and water storage. He studied the earliest calendar in China, the "Three Unified Calendars" in Han Dynasty, and wrote "Three Unified Techniques".
When Yi Tong, a Confucian scholar in Han Dynasty, was about to be completed, Chen Li devoted himself to writing Xue. Xue is a bit like Gu's Record of the Day, but it also extends to a comprehensive and systematic textual research and discussion of classics, history, Confucianism and philology. Each chapter of this book is a new development of Chen Yu's academic research, and it can be a comment, historical theory or academic history independently on the basis of historical data collection, predecessors' discussion and introspection, elaboration and demonstration.
1865, was hired by Guo Zhi, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and worked with Zhao, a student, to map the whole province of Guangdong. They collected a large amount of information and data, and drew 20 volumes of detailed maps of Guangdong and 90 volumes of detailed descriptions of Guangdong, which were in a leading position in cartography at that time.
Character history
Jin Ji Xiao Sa Xue Hai Tang
The local Xuehaitang, the place where Chen Li studied and educated people, was also demolished during the Republic of China, but fortunately, an old photo was preserved, which vaguely showed the whole picture of the school at that time.
This old photo was discovered by Cui Zhimin of Guangdong Ethnic Culture Research Association in an album "China Landscape Painting" published in 1960. You can clearly see a series of buildings built according to Yuexiu Mountain, starting from the east stairs of the south 100 steps. According to Cui Zhimin, the main building on the mountain can be vaguely seen as "the hall is three rows of trees, with the platform in front, looking at the ocean of lions, which is very broad", which is very consistent with the characteristics of "looking at the hall, you can see Haimen, the steps of the hall face south and follow the west" recorded in Tang Zhi, Xue Hai. Cui Zhimin pointed out that another series of buildings below the east side of the Baibu staircase in the photo should be Yingyuan Academy. Compared with the hand-drawn schematic diagram of Yingyuan Academy, the location of the school auditorium in the photo is also strikingly consistent with the schematic diagram.
Cui Zhimin believes that he has made many field trips. Although the building of Xuehaitang has no trace to be found, the newly-built pavilion on the west side of hundreds of steps in Yuexiu Mountain is quite symmetrical with the open space in front of the pavilion on the west side, showing signs of building a large building. The discovery of old photos of Guanyin Mountain confirmed his own guess: the main building of Xuehaitang is located in the current "Sun Yat-sen Learning Management Office".
According to historical records, the school "has plum blossom paths and bamboo corridors." Zhongjiantang has three buildings, followed by a small pavilion and a quiet room. It is tall and surrounded by the Pearl River, which is very unique.
expert testimony
Works are more important than sculptures.
The two most important things in Chen Li's life are exams and study. After studying for the first half of my life, I will take the exam. If I fail, I will continue to study. The experience is relatively simple, so there are few stories and legends related to him. In addition, he is not a powerful person, and his former residence has not been valued and protected. However, his works are vast, and these spiritual wealth is far longer than a sculpture and several houses.
I don't want to be an article in my life.
Chen Li said modestly, "I don't want to be an article in my life", but Chen Li studied for decades and wrote hundreds of books all his life. Dedicated to education, knowledgeable and skilled in writing. In particular, the books such as Qieyun, Melody and Waterway are all absorbed by scholars. It is a great academic achievement in the late Qing Dynasty to include the income from lifelong research in the book Reading Secretary Shu Dong, which broke the viewpoint of Han and Song Dynasties.
Anecdotes of characters
Shu's four books are well prepared, and all of them have comments and proofreading, while the notes in the book, either Zhu or Mo, are solemn and meticulous. By the time of the Republic of China, most of the manuscripts and notes in Shu Dong's suicide note were obtained from the Zhou Nan Bookstore of Mr. Xu Xinfu, then the director of Guangdong Library. Mr. Xu Xinfu recorded "viewing its (Chen Li's) manuscript, which also shows its research methods. Every time you read a book, you will divide it into a chapter, a sentence and a word, and then comment on its gains and losses with your own opinions, such as judicial personnel collecting evidence and then making a final judgment. " This method inherits Sima Guang's As a Mirror and enlightens Mr. Chen Yuan in his study of history, which is really in the same strain.
Poetry memory
Volume 16 of the Complete Works of Jupo Jingshe contains descriptions of historical sites, such as Sunrise Melody in Bathing Pavilion, Floating Picture of Liu Rong Temple, Drum Melody of Nanhai Temple, etc. Volume 20 contains the first record of Guangzhou's annual New Year Fair: "The flower market in Shuangmen (now in front of the financial department of Beijing Road in Guangzhou) is the narrowest, full of baskets of big trees. Pottery was picked in Dinghushan, with a bud and nine inverted bells, reflecting the lively scene of the Lunar New Year's Eve market at that time. The picture shows the bustling scene of Beijing Road today.
Night Rain in Eighteen Beaches of Qi Tianle
Tired of swimming, I am familiar with the taste of rivers and lakes and sleep in the autumn rain. Debris floats in the stirrup, and the sound of stiff neck makes the dream of hometown nowhere to be found. You don't say anything, only the reed breaks the smoke. It rained all night, and the most annoying thing was to bypass the dike tree.
Yin Qing is suffering at this time. Gradually cold gives birth to bamboo poles, so in autumn. The ancient post is sparse, the dangerous beach is slippery, and the horizon is separated. The return date is late again. Look at Yuling, fuzzy, and there are countless wet clouds. In the mirror of the Ming dynasty, a few rays of frost will be added.
cultural undertakings
Chen Li's life's study income is collected in Reading Secretary in Shu Dong. Since Qunjing, Elementary School, Philosopher, Zheng Xue and Yu Saito are all volumes, only the Three Kingdoms and the Western Han Dynasty have two volumes on historical events in previous dynasties, and the rest have no books. Originally wrote 25 volumes, actually wrote 16 volumes. The people involved in Confucian classics are the most detailed, and all the books are comprehensive and detailed, which embodies his unique views in philosophy, politics and history, and has important reference value for studying Chen Li's thoughts.
Social assessment
Throughout her life, Li Chen studied for decades and wrote hundreds of books. Dedicated to education, knowledgeable and skilled in writing. In particular, the books such as Qieyun, Melody and Waterway are all absorbed by scholars. Income from life-long research is included in the book Reading Secretary Shu Dong, which breaks through the views of Han and Song Dynasties and integrates academic achievements in the late Qing Dynasty. He is worthy of being a scholar, historian and geographer in the late Qing Dynasty. His legacy provides valuable research materials for future generations.
The main works created the Shu Dong School.
Xuehaitang opened up the academic wind in eastern Guangdong, while Jupo Jingshe further condensed into Shudong School. Jupo Jingshe is the second important sinology base in Guangdong after Xuehaitang.
In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), the Governor of Guangdong, Jiang Yili, and the Special Envoy of Yanyun, Fang Junyi, allocated funds to build a beautiful house in Yuexiu Mountain, and hired Chen Li as the mountain chief. Jupo Jingshe is not far from Xuehaitang, and Chen Li is still a senior of Xuehaitang at this time. The purpose of running a school in Jupo Jingshe is the same as Xuehaitang, but the difference is that Xuehaitang has eight seniors, and there is no formal teaching, while Jupo Jingshe is only a famous mountain leader, and the number of examinations has increased, which has strengthened the supervision of students' studies. Obviously, Chen Li wanted to use this stage to show his educational talent.
Chen Li gave lectures in Jupo Jingshe, focusing on academics, but not in a hurry to become famous in science. He criticized and improved the imperial examination, especially dissatisfied with stereotyped writing. The first batch of about 50 students attended the lecture, all of whom were excellent students selected by counties and dropouts from Yuexiu College, Yuehua College and Guiyang City College. The author of "On Learning from People Living in a Quiet House" is to teach students their own reading experience and research methods. In the late Qing dynasty, the style of study was impetuous, and it was difficult for many scholars to settle down and read through a classic book. Chen Li advocated that "everyone can learn from the past", and once every student specializes in it, he will become a scholar over time.
Chen Li believes that politics is due to talents and talents are due to academics, and advocates the establishment of perfect academic ethics and academic norms. Served as the head of the mountain of Jupo Jingshe 15 years, and trained many students. "A scholar is a scholar who knows how to practice and has made great achievements." We can give several examples: the articles compiled by the Hanlin Academy and the National History Museum; Yu Shimei, a former assistant minister of rites, assistant minister of postal services, assistant minister of academic departments and deputy director of the National History Museum; Liang Dingfen, former editor of Hanlin Academy and judge of Hubei Province; Wang Zhaoyong, former schoolmaster of Xuehaitang; Tan Zongxun, former editor of Hanlin Academy, studied politics in Sichuan. ...
Chen Li also presided over the compilation of the Collection of Gathering and Breaking Fine Houses, and collected excellent course papers of gathering and breaking fine houses students for future research.
Rational treatment of western science and technology
Chen Li lived in the troubled times of the late Qing Dynasty, when western learning spread eastward, westerners moved eastward, the Opium War and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Chen Li suffered from academic loss and war and displacement. As a practical scholar, he didn't cling to the past and stand still, but faced the reality with an open mind. Chen Li was also one of the first people to "open their eyes to see the world".
Shortly after the publication of Wei Yuan's Atlas of Sea Countries, Chen Li put forward his gains and losses after writing the book Atlas of Sea Countries, and discussed with Zhang Weiping. Scholar Zhu Weizheng believes that Chen Li "was the first Lingnan scholar to criticize Lin Zexu's foreign policy, and also the first scholar to conduct a feasibility study on Wei Yuan's Atlas of Sea Countries. He thinks that "the most debatable person in Wei Yuan's works is the statement of" attacking foreigners with foreigners "in Yi Attack, and points out that this strategy is based on ignorance of foreigners' feelings, and it is harmful to implement it.
In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), Wei Yuan came to Guangdong, and Chen Li met with him to discuss in detail. Chen Li once recalled: "In the next few years, Wei Jun came to Guangdong. I regard the content of this book as the essence. Wei Jun was so happy that he decided to make friends with him and revised the book "Atlas of Sea Countries" repeatedly. It is impossible to accept words with humility! "
Although Chen Li regards clocks, woolen cloth and snuff as "kit kat toys" that bring disaster to the country and people, he generally does not reject western science and technology, nor does he object to China people going to the West to learn western culture. He still stubbornly believes that western culture originated in China. Today, in our view, some of Chen Li's views are contradictory and ridiculous, but at that time, he was already an enlightened school.
During the four years of Tongzhi (1865), Chen Li was hired by Tao, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and worked with Zhao, a student, to map the whole of Guangdong. They collected a lot of information and data, and drew 20 volumes of Map of Guangdong and 90 volumes of Illustrated Guangdong. The information is detailed and helpful for understanding the situation of this province and studying regional culture. [ 1]