A master's degree is a postgraduate degree between a bachelor's degree and a doctorate. A master's degree usually symbolizes the ability to think independently according to his concentration and research field. Master's courses are generally arranged after bachelor's degree. Generally speaking, full-time master's courses take two years, but depending on the country and departments, some masters can be obtained in one year, while others take three to four years.
Some countries, such as Germany and Austria, adopt the same academic system for bachelor's degree and master's degree, and many countries that implement the Anglo-American academic system also provide the same academic system to shorten the time for students to graduate from high school to get a master's degree. Some master's courses, such as MBA, usually require several years of work experience in addition to the undergraduate degree. In most countries, a master's degree is the basic threshold for studying for a doctorate.
Degree: philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, military science, management, art.
Professional degrees: Master of Business Administration, Master of Law, Master of Public Administration, Master of Education, Master of Public Health, Master of Physical Education, Master of Software Engineering, Master of Engineering, Master of Accounting, Master of Architecture, Master of Clinical Fellow, Master of Literature, Master of Landscape Architecture, Master of Agricultural Extension, Master of Veterinary Medicine, Master of Finance, Master of Applied Statistics, Master of Taxation and Master of International Business. Master of applied psychology, master of journalism and communication, master of publishing, master of cultural relics and museums, master of urban planning, master of forestry, master of nursing, master of pharmacy, master of traditional Chinese medicine, master of social work, master of tourism management, master of library and information science, master of engineering management, etc.
At present, the types of graduate students in China are complicated, which can be divided from the following angles.
According to different learning styles, it can be divided into full-time graduate students and on-the-job graduate students. The former refers to graduate students who study full-time in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions; The latter refers to graduate students who still undertake certain tasks in their original jobs during their school days.
According to the different management of student status, it can be divided into academic graduate students and non-academic graduate students. The former refers to taking the entrance examination organized by the state (including the recommended exemption for fresh graduates and the separate entrance examination organized by some colleges and universities approved by the Ministry of Education), and obtaining postgraduate status after being admitted. Upon graduation, if the course study and thesis defense meet the requirements of the Academic Degrees Regulations, you can get a master's diploma and a master's degree certificate. The latter refers to not taking the entrance examination organized by the state and having no student status. Students take part in postgraduate courses, complete the courses according to the teaching plan, apply for the national unified examination of foreign language level and subject comprehensive level of postgraduate students organized by the state, obtain the qualification for degree application, and then obtain the degree certificate through the defense of master's thesis, without a postgraduate diploma. Also called on-the-job graduate students.
According to the different channels of learning funds, it is divided into national planned graduate students, entrusted graduate students (hereinafter referred to as entrusted graduate students) and self-funded graduate students. The national planned postgraduate training funds are provided by the state, and the entrusted postgraduate training funds are provided by the entrusting unit. You must sign a contract when you enter school and work in the entrusting unit after graduation. The training funds for self-funded graduate students are provided by themselves, and sometimes they can be spent from the research funds of tutors or sponsored by the society. The proportion of self-funded graduate students is expanding year by year. In the long run, it is an inevitable trend to charge for postgraduate education, but there is no complete plan that can be implemented immediately. Therefore, it is unlikely that the state plans to pay tuition for graduate students next year.
Graduate students can be divided into ordinary graduate students and special graduate students according to their majors and uses. Among them, ordinary graduate students account for the vast majority. At present, the mature specialized graduate students in China mainly include MBA and JM. Recently, the Master of Management (MPA) appeared again. There are great differences between special graduate students and ordinary graduate students in qualification, academic system requirements and learning content. Therefore, at the end of this article, the MBA and the Master of Laws will be introduced respectively.
According to the examination methods, graduate students mainly have national unified examination, single recruit, master of laws joint examination and MBA joint examination. The conditions for enrolling in the national unified examination are basically the same as in previous years, and the qualifications of candidates must meet the requirements. The age is generally not more than 40 years old, and the age of candidates who apply for entrusted training and pay their own expenses is not limited; Enrolling in the independent examination organized by the enrollment unit approved by the Ministry of Education, in addition to meeting the requirements of academic qualifications and age, also requires continuous work for four years or more after graduation, excellent business, published research papers (technical reports) or has become the backbone of the business, and recommended by two experts with senior professional and technical positions with the consent of the unit. After obtaining a master's degree or doctoral degree, he has worked for 2 years or more, and his business is excellent. With the consent of the unit and recommended by two experts with senior professional and technical positions, he is an on-the-job employee entrusted by the unit; Those who sign up for the National Entrance Examination for Master of Laws (hereinafter referred to as the "National Entrance Examination for Master of Laws") must meet the conditions for taking the National Entrance Examination, and their major in colleges and universities is also required to be a non-law major; (The following 13 majors are not allowed to apply for a master's degree in law: law, economic law, international law, international economic law, labor reform law, commercial law, notarization, legal affairs, administrative law, lawyer, foreign-related economy and law, intellectual property law and criminal law). Enrolling in the national entrance examination for graduate students majoring in business administration, referred to as "MBA entrance examination", not only meets the requirements of the national examination, but also requires people with 3 years or more work experience after graduation; Persons with more than five years' working experience after graduating from junior college; Persons who have obtained master's degree or doctor's degree and have more than 2 years' working experience.
Learning system
Postgraduate study under the credit system. Courses, like undergraduate courses, include compulsory courses and elective courses. Generally, the educational system lasts for two to three years, most of which are three years, and some are two and a half years. Generally speaking, the first two years are the study time of basic courses and professional courses, and most of the credits can usually be completed; The third year is used to finish graduation thesis, practice and find a job. Many schools stipulate that if you complete the required credits in advance and meet certain conditions, you can apply for early graduation. According to the regulations, the study period of in-service postgraduate students can be extended by one year accordingly.