Radiation: Electromagnetic waves are non-ionizing radiation. Particles with very low energy are driven around. Because of their low energy and slow speed, they hardly affect other things, including various signals and any light. Nuclear radiation is called ionizing radiation. This kind of nuclear radiation is caused by an unstable nucleus splitting into two light nuclei and producing a beam of neutrons to shoot out at the same time (this is called nuclear fission), or when the nucleus changes from unstable to stable, it shoots out a beam of other things it doesn't need (all kinds of radioactive rays), so it is not a slow-moving rocket, and the time to release particles to only half is called half-life. Some of them will knock electrons out of atoms in other particles (this is called ionization), some will directly penetrate the chromosomes that destroy cells like bullets (such as radiotherapy), and then some other nuclei will absorb foreign neutrons in the radiation and re-emit them (this is called induced radioactivity), all of which are high-speed and high-energy, so ionizing radiation is basically harmful. The principle of fission nuclear bomb is that neutrons collide with the nuclei of fissionable substances (not all nuclei can fission), and fission reaction produces more neutrons colliding with other heavy nuclei at the same time, leading to chain reaction (also called chain reaction). As long as the chain reaction is large enough, it is an atomic bomb. The reaction is large enough, but it is not enough. That's nuclear criticality accident. When the radiation is high, it is easy to break your DNA, so that cells can't regenerate without DNA information (self-search Shojimura criticality accident), and many things around you are also radioactive.
Proton: The number on the periodic table of elements is the number of protons in that nucleus, and the number of protons in a nucleus directly determines what that atom is (right! As long as you can stabilize a single mercury proton-1, it will become gold! )。 In addition, acid-base neutralization means that acid and alkali throw protons at each other. Anything that can throw protons is called acid, and anything that can pick up protons is called alkali, and then neutralized. In addition, water is both acid and alkali. If you want to know how the acid-base reaction does not change the atomic properties, because the acid-base neutralization throws out an extra single proton, and the element of the single proton is hydrogen, so it is also hydrogen, not the proton in the center of its own nucleus, so the whole nucleus will collapse and become nuclear fission.
Neutron: it affects the specific properties of matter, but does not affect the type of matter. For example, carbon, as most people know, is carbon 12, which is very stable. There are six protons and six neutrons in the carbon 12 atom, but if you give it two neutrons, it becomes carbon 14. At this time, this carbon is radioactive, but because there are still six protons, it is still carbon, but when neutrons become eight, it becomes unstable, so other particles are shot. Carbon 12 and carbon 14 are carbon isotopes, which means that you have several different brands of mobile phones, but they are all mobile phones and your mobile phones, and they are all isotopes of your mobile phones, and yes, carbon 12 is 6+6= 12 and carbon/kloc-0. Neutrons of ionizing radiation hit the nucleus of fissionable substances, which can easily trigger a chain reaction and make other things radioactive. Therefore, there are 143 neutrons in the nuclear bomb material uranium 235 mentioned above, and you will know how terrible the radioactivity of nuclear fission is. When it is powerful enough, it can crush all cells and literally melt people.
Atoms: As mentioned above, atoms are clumps of a nucleus and a bunch of things. According to the number of protons in the center of the nucleus, what is it? Atoms generally cannot exist alone (for example, if oxygen is unstable, it cannot exist alone, so you can only look for O in the atmosphere? That is, an oxygen molecule composed of two oxygen atoms: oxygen or O? That is, ozone, there is no single o), and the special cases that can exist alone are molecules. For example, a bunch of inert gases don't like to react with other things, such as krypton, a network word. This kind of atom that can exist alone is called monoatomic molecule, but it is also a molecule in essence, just a molecule with only one atom.
Ion: First of all, you should know such things as electrons. Electrons exist in chemical reactions just like money in today's society. Ions are charged atoms. Divided into positive and negative electrodes, ions also have anions (electrons are more negatively charged) and cations (electrons are less positively charged).
Particles: basically everything that constitutes an atom except the nucleus can be called particles. It can also be used to refer to smaller things, but it doesn't mean that particles must be the smallest things.
Quantum: Quantum in the public's mouth is actually a concept. Think of it as the science of studying the smallest inseparable thing in the world. They study how the particles in an atom move when a single smallest particle exists alone, and all kinds of anti-macro behaviors (for example, a single particle can exist in two different states at the same time, which is called quantum superposition), while others, such as chemistry and chemical correlation, such as biochemistry, are more macro than this. At most, you can only see the electron proton energy level mentioned above, but also depends on the properties of the things made up of atoms and how to change their properties. For example, biology is its own protein, at the molecular level.
Molecules: A large group composed of atoms or a larger group composed of a single stable atom or even other small molecules are all molecules, which is equivalent to the concept of a grade in school. No matter how many classes there are in a grade and how many people there are in each class, they all belong to the "molecules" that make up the school. Molecules are macroscopic substances and organisms (microorganisms at the molecular level are macroscopic, except viruses, which may not be considered as biological categories, especially prions are essentially protein). For a simple example, amino acids are molecules, but protein composed of amino acids is also a molecule. Although protein is called biomacromolecule or macromolecule, it is also a classified molecule. You see, others say it's also protein molecule, protein molecular structure.