1660 after the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, it began to do the opposite. It not only suppressed the opposition vigorously in an attempt to restore the centralization of the king, but also attempted to restore Catholicism in Britain, which aroused the opposition of the Whigs and some Tories in Britain at that time, and the contradiction gradually intensified. It happened that James II, a Catholic, had a son with his second wife. There is no doubt that the future king will be Catholic in the future! In this way, people thought that after James II's death, his Protestant daughter's hope of succession was dashed, so people decided to take action. Several celebrities, including the Bishop of London, sent a secret letter to Mary and William, daughters of Dutch Protestant James II, inviting them to come to Britain to protect Britain's "religion, freedom and property". For William, what he is most concerned about is how to win the British throne for his wife and himself. At the same time, he also thought that his entry into Britain could prevent Britain from forming an alliance with France against the Netherlands, so he accepted the invitation. In order to avoid 1660 drawing lessons from the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, Britain decided to restrict the king's power by law and ensure its own power, so it put forward a "declaration of rights" to William and Mary at the plenary session of the upper and lower houses of parliament, demanding that the king should not stop the legal effect without the consent of the parliament, and no Catholic should collect taxes without the consent of the parliament in the future. William accepted these demands, that is, the British throne is for William III and Mary is the Queen of England, not for Mary Ⅱ. 1689 10, Parliament passed the Declaration of Rights and made it into law, which is the Bill of Rights.
[Edit this paragraph] Contents of the British Bill of Rights
The full name of the British Bill of Rights is the Declaration of National Rights, Freedoms and Succession to the Crown.
Theme and the crown of success), the content is not much, only a short thirteen:
1 Any power to stop the law or stop the implementation of the law without the consent of the National Assembly is illegal.
Recently, it is illegal to abolish the law or enforce the law with the authority of the king.
The order to set up an imperial court to hear religious affairs, as well as all other similar orders and courts, are illegal and harmful.
Without the permission of Congress, it is illegal to collect money for the king or use it for the king under the pretext of the king's privilege, which exceeds the time limit or method permitted by Congress.
Petition to the king is the right of subjects, and all convictions or charges against this petition are illegal.
Unless approved by the National Assembly, it is illegal to recruit or maintain a standing army in the Kingdom at ordinary times.
All subjects who are Protestants, in order to defend themselves, can consider the situation and equip themselves with weapons within the scope permitted by law.
The election of members of parliament should be free.
Freedom of speech, debate or deliberation in the National Assembly should not be impeached or questioned in any court or anywhere outside the National Assembly.
10 should not demand too much bail, nor should it impose too high a fine, nor should it indiscriminately impose cruel and extraordinary penalties.
1 1 Jury officers should be officially registered and declared, and all jury officers trying treason cases should be free to inherit.
Before 12 was convicted, all transfers made by a specific person and all commitments made to fines and confiscation of property were illegal and invalid.
13 In order to redress all grievances, amend, strengthen and safeguard laws, Congress should meet from time to time.
People can see that the "Thirteen Articles" mainly have two aspects: one is to restrict the power of the king and the actual sovereignty of the British king, such as 1, 2, 4 and 6; Second, ensure the legislative power, financial power, judicial power and military power of the parliament, such as Articles 8, 9 and 13.
[Edit this paragraph] The continuation of the British Bill of Rights.
170 1 year, the British Parliament passed another law of succession to the throne, which was regarded as a supplement to the Bill of Rights. These two laws established the principle of "Parliament is supreme" in Britain and were an important step towards constitutional monarchy. Parliament has gradually become the highest authority of the country. The Bill of Rights is one of the most important bills in British history since the Magna Carta, and the British Bill of Rights can be regarded as the predecessor of the American Constitution. It changed the history of mankind and had a great and far-reaching impact on Britain and the world.
Finally, I would like to add two points by the way: 1 The Bill of Rights plays a constitutional role in Britain and belongs to a constitutional document, but it is not a written constitution. The first written constitution in the world is the American Constitution of 1787; After the promulgation of the Constitution of the United States 1787, it was substantially revised in 1789, mainly supplemented by the amendment of 10, which is usually called the Bill of Rights (or Bill of Rights).
[Edit this paragraph] Background of the American Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights refers to the first to tenth constitutional amendments in the American Constitution. When the draft constitution of the United States was submitted to the state legislatures for approval, some people questioned that the constitution could not guarantee the basic rights of the people. In this regard, the Federalists who supported the draft constitution assured the American people that the Bill of Rights would be added to the Constitution during the first session of Congress. After the adoption of the Constitution, the first Congress was held. Most members support the introduction of the Bill of Rights and the protection of related rights in the Constitution. The task of drafting the Bill of Rights fell to james madison. Madison began to draft the Bill of Rights based on the Virginia Bill of Rights. It was also agreed to incorporate the Bill of Rights into the Constitution in the form of a constitutional amendment to avoid a lengthy constitutional ratification process. 1789 initially proposed an amendment to 12, but two of them failed to pass. 179 101215, and the remaining amendments to10 were passed, becoming the so-called bill of rights. Article 1 1 of the Draft Bill of Rights was finally passed in 1992 and became the amendment to Article 27 of the Constitution. This amendment prohibits Congress from raising the salaries of its members.
The First Amendment stipulates that Congress shall not make laws that respect the state religion or prohibit religious freedom. Congress has no right to pass laws that restrict citizens' freedom of speech, publication, assembly and petition.
The second amendment stipulates that a well-disciplined militia is necessary for the security of a free state, and the people's right to keep and carry weapons shall not be violated.
The third amendment stipulates that in peacetime, soldiers may not be stationed in residential buildings without the consent of the owners; In wartime, no troops shall be stationed except in the manner prescribed by law.
The fourth amendment stipulates that the people's right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure of their person, residence, documents and property shall not be infringed. Search warrants and seizure warrants must be sworn and confirmed, and can only be issued by local judges if there are "reliable reasons". But the places to be searched and the people to be arrested should be specific and clear. In fact, the Fourth Amendment wants to protect people, not places, from unreasonable government interference. In other words, personal houses and possessions are "an extension of personal freedom", so they are part of personal rights.
The Fifth Amendment stipulates that no one may accept the criminal charges of death penalty and felony without the consent of the grand jury, except in the case of Lu Haijun and militia in wartime or when there is public danger. No one may face life or physical danger twice because of the same criminal act. You shall not be forced to testify against yourself in any criminal case. No one can be deprived of life, freedom or property without due process of law. Without fair compensation, private property may not be requisitioned for public use.
The Sixth Amendment stipulates that in all criminal charges, the defendant has the right to a timely and open trial by an impartial jury in a place where the crime has criminal jurisdiction. The defendant should be informed of the facts and the cause of the case, and have the right to obtain evidence favorable to him and the right to get the help of a defense lawyer.
The Seventh Amendment stipulates that in common law cases, the right to be tried by a jury is reserved for cases where the disputed amount exceeds $20. In cases without a jury, the review will be conducted in federal courts and will not be based on common law rules.
The Eighth Amendment stipulates that no additional bail shall be required, no excessive fine shall be imposed, and no cruel or extraordinary punishment shall be imposed.
The Ninth Amendment stipulates that the rights listed in the Constitution cannot be used to infringe upon the inherent rights of others.
The Tenth Amendment stipulates that the rights that the Constitution does not grant to the Federation, or the rights that the Constitution does not prohibit to the states, shall be reserved by the states and their people.