According to the eighth volume of the Book of Pynema, "Take off the monk's clothes and dye the Buddha in ten colors. Ten colors are: one mud, two topaz, three old ladies topaz, four non-grasses, five dried topaz, six walnut roots, seven amotopaz, eight topaz, nine topaz, and ten mixed dyes. If so, these ten colors should be dyed. Washing clothes is divided into three parts: one is mud, the other is green, and the third is uneven color. Use these three kinds of clean clothes. " The eighth volume of Sapodupini Piposha says: "Clothes should not have five colors: yellow, red, blue, black and white. There are solid colors, such as yellow, blue, gold, falling sand, indigo naturalis, all young people. Black and blue are not allowed to make clothes, only soap and Mulan can make clothes, and impure blue, light blue and aquamarine can make clothes. Red, yellow, white and impure can all be used on clothes. Arnebia euchroma, Cinnamomum cassia, Acanthopanax senticosus, Radix Rehmanniae, Cordyceps militaris and poplar are all secondary colors. "
According to Volume XV of the Ten Classics, if a monk wears new clothes, such as Tsing Yi, mud clothes, money clothes, yellow clothes, red clothes and white clothes, among these three colors, blue, mud and money should be the colors of clothes.
"I don't listen to clothes that are pure blue, yellow, red, white and black," said the Twenty Laws of Five Points. He also said that the black dress was worn by the mother in labor and the criminal Boyti. The other four-color criminals are native Americans.
In Volume 28 of the Maha Monk Law, monks "don't listen to color clothes, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people, color people. Suitable for root dyeing, leaf dyeing, Chinese dyeing, bark dyeing, down to giant grinding juice dyeing. "
The above words mainly explain three points: first, the color of "Sanfu" is not allowed to be colored or solid; Second, all new clothes must be dyed in different colors at one point, so as to destroy the neatness of clothes and get rid of the greed for clothes, which is called "bad color" or "clean point". Thirdly, many dyeable colors and non-dyeable colors are listed.
Although colored and solid colors are forbidden in the Buddhist legal system, there are still many different colors for dyeing monk clothes. Traditionally, the most commonly used color is red. For example, the clothing color of black grass, in the Thirty Chapters of Wei Zhi, quoted the biography of Xirong, said: "The pagoda is also a prince, the father killed the head evil, the mother cloud Mo Xie, the pagoda is yellow." But this is a record of the Han people, which may not be true. In Volume II of Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, it is said: "The Sangha cassock that reveals the state-owned Nigumi is finely crafted and its color is Huang Chi."
According to Volume 29 of "All Miscellaneous Affairs in Penie", at that time, the Buddha's aunt, exorcist, and 500 released women were robbing a tree garden in Biruo to listen to the Buddha's statement, and the Buddha was not allowed to become a monk. When the Buddha robbed Biro City to sell reeds, exorcist and 500 released women shaved their heads and wore red robes, and followed the Buddha to Acacia Forest. After Ananda's entreaties, they were allowed to become monks.
According to Volume I of Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, the nine robes of Ananda disciple Shang Nuojia in Van Gogh are crimson.
The second volume of "Good Solution, Piposha" also said: When Ashoka was a university student, he mentioned the national consciousness because of visiting Gandhara, and he was wearing a red robe in the Aropo Louchi near the snow-capped mountain.
From the above facts, in the first 100 or 200 years, it was customary to use red as the color of robes. Sanfu is always called cassock, and the original meaning of cassock is red color. For example, Volume 39 of "Four Points Law and Clothing Degree" says: "If so, ten kinds of clothes should be dyed with cassock." The word "cassock" was written in the form of "Gaza" from the beginning, according to volume 59 of "All Classics, Sounds and Meanings". Ge Hong began to change from' clothes' when he wrote Zi Yuan. According to the foreign common name of cassock, this cloud has no color. ..... The true meaning of Sanzang Cloud:' This cloud is red and bloody.' "Taking the name of red as the general name of" three clothes "shows that" three clothes "are always red in habit.
During the 200-500 years after the demise of Buddhism, Buddhism in India was divided into 20 sects according to doctrines and 5 sects according to precepts. Therefore, the color of "Sanfu" also has different regulations to mark its own sects. For example, An Shigao in the later Han Dynasty described the color of cassock at the end of the translation of "Three Thousand Prizes for the Great Monk", saying: "Those who are knowledgeable should be enlightened and legalized, and should be crimson cassock. Those who are ignorant of virtue should be given a heavy warning, and they should be judged by law. Ye Jia, a Uighur, is hardworking and brave, caring for all sentient beings and responding to Mulan's cassock. Misha's followers are thoughtful and thoughtful, studying the mysterious and mysterious, and answering the cassock. Monk Maha is just a minister, diligent in studying classics and applying the theory of romance to respond to Huang Xi. " In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the clothes of five lawyers in Sharifutsu were almost the same as those of the Three Thousand Prizes of the Great Monk, but the clothes of Sado and Tan Wude were exchanged, saying that Sado should be Soapy and Tan Wude should be red. From this point of view, although the clothes of the five departments are different, the original red cassock is still very common in the five departments. According to Sanzang's book The Meanings of the Classics, Volume 59, True Meaning, "Although there are five differences in foreign countries, they are all red. The speaker is black Mulan, but the emphasis is different. " Judging from the fact that all countries in Southeast Asia now use yellow clothes, it is the spread of Maha Monk Department, which has developed from the original regulation of neatness to the regulation of clothing color.
According to some historical records, when Indian monks first came to China, most of them wore red robes, which naturally became a part of Buddhist heritage. "Hong Mingji" quoted the theory of reason and confusion as saying: "Today, the shaman has uncovered the red cloth, said that once he eats, he meets six emotions, and has since died." Until now, for nearly two thousand years, shaman's cassock is mainly red.
However, there was a time in history when the color of monks' robes was quite chaotic. According to the Book of the Tang Dynasty, a monk in the late Tang Dynasty, Farang, retranslated the Great Cloud Sutra and asked the marquis of Wu to be a Maitreya Buddha. At that time, he was the ruler of the Tang Dynasty in Jambu-Di^pa. This attachment naturally helped the marquis of Wu to prepare public opinion for Zhou, so he made great contributions to the dynasty. Wuhou also gave purple robes to nine people, including Samana Farang, in accordance with the regulations of wearing purple clothes for officials with three or more products in the Tang Dynasty. It has been popular for a while since then. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, purple cassock and scarlet cassock were always respected by the imperial court, which led to the chaotic situation of choosing the color of cassock at will regardless of the discipline. But from the Han Dynasty to the present, on the whole, the robes of Buddhist monks are mainly red. Because of the obsession with "red color", scarlet cassock is the most common and respected. As we all know, scarlet is precisely the "coloring" and "pure color" that are not allowed in the precepts. The red clothes worn by ancient monks are red, black or red and yellow.
Because the weather in China is colder than that in India, monks in the village can't keep out the cold only by "three clothes" or "five clothes". Not only the Han people are not used to wearing only "three clothes", but even the great and noble monks from the west can't spend the cold winter in the Han areas only wearing Kosaya. Therefore, according to the regulations of Buddhism, monks in the Han Dynasty added other clothes besides the three clothes and according to the actual needs, and formed certain regulations on colors.
Before and after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the prosperity of Buddhism, the number of Han monks increased, so there appeared a "garment" different from the cassock. The so-called "hook clothing" is a traditional clothing in the Han Dynasty, with wide sleeves and a big robe, which has changed its style slightly and become the daily clothing of monks, but it is stipulated in color. According to Song Zanning's "A Brief History of the Monks in the Great Song Dynasty", the book Kao Gong Ji is quoted as saying: Q: What color is the person who takes off his clothes? A: Purple is light ink, not a positive color. Seven colors are one color. Dyeing black again is the color of the bird's head, and dyeing black again is the color of "barnyard grass". "Purple" is a faint crimson color, while "purple" is a cyan color, which gradually deepens from "crimson" and finally becomes "purple" color. Now it is called "red-blue" color, but it is actually a reddish black color.
Black clothes have been very popular since the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, monks were called "clothes" or "Liu", which shows that monks have generally worn clothes. According to the Complete Works of Buddhism, which was often written in the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, during the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, "there was a monk Hui Lin who learned to be lucky to be an emperor and decided to conduct political affairs, and was called' Prime Minister in Black'". In addition, Hui and Xuan Chang, the eminent monks of Chikulin Temple in Jingzhou in the early Qi Dynasty, were also called "the two outstanding men in black" (Biography of Hui Gao Zang). At this time, "Yi Yi" has become the code name of shaman; Clothes and white clothes became the symmetry of later monks, which was called "Su Yu".
As for the monk's uniform, it is difficult to determine why they chose the color "Man", but it evolved from the traditional religious color "Dark Black" in China.
At first, the color of Taoist costumes was "color". In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan wrote in Volume VI of Notes on Water Classics: "The land has a solid place, a sparse woman, a copper cloud and a purple fan. Therefore, I am convinced that I am a mysterious person and the husband of Lu Qiu, and I will travel on my behalf. " Praise home herbalists as "people who obey metaphysics", which shows that the color is the ancient religious costume of China. Early Buddhism was greatly influenced by Taoism, so the uniforms of Buddhist monks also chose this color. At that time, the difference between Buddhism and Taoism was only in the use of crowns and towels. The Taoist supported Huang Guan. As a result, "Huang Guan" became the proper name of the Taoist priest, and "Yiyi" became the nickname of the monk. With the development of Buddhism, the number of monks and nuns has increased dramatically, and the number of people wearing clothes has also increased. Therefore, Taoist priests have to change the color of their clothes, while monks' clothes are anti-customer, making Yi Fu a special color for Buddhist monks. But the service of monks is not always smooth. According to "A Brief History of Monks", Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty once banned shamans from wearing clothes and changed them to yellow. Since then, the colors of monks' uniforms have become diverse. Song Zanning's "A Brief History of Monks" said: "Today, the river surface is mostly black and red, sometimes blue and yellow, yellow and brown, and Shi Lian is brown." Tokyo Guanfu is still brown, Youzhou is still black. Another cloud said, "At the end of the Tang Dynasty, a Zen master in Zhang Yu saw that southern Zen people often wore white cups, so he often dyed them with vases. Today, Huang Heng is called Guanyin Heng. " At this time, it can be seen that the colors of monks' clothing are not only black and red, but also yellow and brown, Shi Lian brown and so on, and the colors are much more than before. The development of China culture tends to be conservative in the north, so Youzhou, which is located in the north, maintains the habit of black, which has been affecting until now, and there are still many monks wearing black in the north.
In the early years of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the court formally formulated the color of monks. In the Ming Dynasty, the manuscript of the Ministry of Rites said: "In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, monks and Taoists were all colored, and Zen monks were all dressed in brown tea, green sash and jade robes; On the monk's jade color, green sash and light red cassock; Teach monks to wear soap, black sash and light red cassock. " In Yun Qi's Essays on Bamboo Windows, he said: "The clothes of Zen Buddhism are brown, the clothes of the speaker are blue, and the clothes of lawyers are black." According to the "Mountain Hall Examination", "Today's Zen robes are brown, robes are red, and yoga robes are lush. Yoga monks should go to the monastery today. " It can be seen that the monk's clothing system gradually changed in the late Ming Dynasty. At present, Baohua Mountain in Nanjing is the ancestral home of Legalists. Whenever the precepts are spoken, the abbot still wears a black robe, while the master and apprentice wear a yellow robe. This is still the old system of the Ming Dynasty. At present, the uniforms of monks are mostly brown, yellow, black and gray. Yellow-green in the north is called Hunan color. Among these five colors, there are any shades, so there is no specific regulation.