London, the capital of England, is located in the southeast of England, on both sides of the Thames. Greater London (199 1 pop. 6,378,600 square miles, consisting of the City of London (199 10 population). 4000), usually called a city, plus 32 administrative districts. This city is the old city of London and the commercial center of modern cities. Because of its area, it is also called "square mile". The 12 inner area around the city is Westminster, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tajam Wright, Greenwich, Liuyishem, Southwark, Lamberthz, Wandsworth, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea. The 20 peripheral areas are Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Haverlin, Bajin and Dagenham, Newham, bexley, bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Kingston on the Thames, Richmond on the Thames, Hornslow, Hillington, Ilya, Brent, Hello, barnett, Haringey and enfield. Greater London includes areas of former London, most of former middlesex, and areas of former Surrey, Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire. Every borough in Greater London elects a parliament.
The Greater London Committee managed the Greater London area until 1986 was abolished by the Thatcher government, making London a unique world metropolis without a central management unit. 1999, the Greater London Authority Act re-established a single local administration for the Greater London area, including an elected mayor and the London Parliament. Elections were held in 2000, and ken livingstone became the first elected mayor of London.
economy
London is one of the most important financial, commercial, industrial and cultural centers in the world. The Bank of England, Lloyd's Insurance, the stock exchange and many other banks and investment companies have their headquarters here, mainly in the City, but more and more in Canary Wharf. Financial services are the main source of employment in London as a whole.
London is still one of the largest ports in the world. It exports manufactured goods and imports oil, tea, wool, raw sugar, wood, butter, metal and meat. Consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry and stationery are all produced, but with the outward migration of enterprises, the manufacturing industry has lost a large number of jobs in the textile, furniture, printing and chemical processing industries that once dominated. Engineering and scientific research are also important to the economy, so is tourism. The city is the hub of roads, railways and aviation (its airports include Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport), and now it is connected with the European continent through the high-speed railway line under the English Channel.
Interest point
The most famous streets in London are Fleet Street, strand Street, Piccadilly Street, Whitehall, Bellevue Street, Downing Street and Lombardy Street. Bond Street, Regent Street and Covent Garden are famous for their shops. Buckingham Palace is the residence of the royal family in London. Simulation parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Garden, Regent Park (where London Zoo is located), St James Park and Green Park. Museums include British Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, National Gallery, Tate Gallery, Wallace Collection, Institute of Contemporary Art and Saatchi Gallery. There are also many commercial art galleries in London, which play an important role in the international art market.
The British Library is one of the largest reference resources in the world, located in London. The city is also rich in other artistic and cultural activities. Its about 100 theater companies reflect the importance of drama. It has several world-class orchestras, a famous opera house, performance halls and clubs. The working replica of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre opened in 1997. University of London is the largest university in Britain, and there are other universities and colleges in London. The state-owned BBC is headquartered in London, where most of the country's national newspapers are published. New Scotland Yard, synonymous with criminal investigation, is located in the city. Sports events attract a lot of support from Londoners who care about cricket, football (at Wembley Stadium) and tennis (including Wimbledon Championship).
history
Before 6 1 a.d., little was known about London. According to Tacitus, a Roman historian, followers of Queen Portia rebelled and slaughtered the residents of Lundinum Castle in Rome. Rome's authority was quickly restored, the first city walls were built, and its remains still exist. After the Roman legion finally retreated in the fifth center. London disappeared in obscurity. Celts, Saxons and Danes competed for this area. It was not until 886 that London became an important town again under the tight control of King Alfred, who rebuilt the defense line against the Danes and gave the city a government.
London resisted William I at 1066, but he was kind to the city afterwards. During his reign, the White Tower, the core of the Tower of London, was built on the east side of the city wall. Under the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties (see Britain), the city developed commercially and politically. During the reign of Richard I (1189–99), it obtained a form of municipal government, from which modern city companies developed. In 12 15, King John granted the city the right to elect the mayor every year.
In the Middle Ages, guilds gained control over citizens' affairs, and developed to limit the trade of urban freemen. These guilds now survive in 80 uniform companies, and their members used to be voters in London municipal elections. Medieval London witnessed the establishment of the Law School and the construction of Westminster Abbey. From 14. London has become the political capital of Britain. It didn't play an active role in wars of the roses (15 cents. ).
The rule of Elizabeth I made London reach the level of great wealth, power and influence, and became the undisputed center of English Renaissance culture. This is the era of Shakespeare (and the Globe Theatre) and the beginning of overseas trading companies such as Muscovy. With the arrival of the Stuart dynasty (1603), the city was involved in the struggle with the royal family, which represented its democratic privilege, and eventually led to the British Civil War.
In 1665, the great plague claimed about 75,000 lives. 1666 A fire in September lasted for five days and almost destroyed the city. Sir Christopher Wren has played a great role in the reconstruction of this city. He designed more than 5/kloc-0 buildings, especially the reconstructed St. Paul's Cathedral. Other famous churches include Gothic Southwark Cathedral and St Paul's Cathedral (1633; Designed by Inigo Jones), Saint Martin is out of town (18 cents. ), and Westminster Abbey. Many business activities and literary and political discussions in London are held in cafes, which are the predecessor of modern clubs. It was not until 1750 that Westminster Bridge was opened and London Bridge was first built at 10. It is the only bridge across the Thames. Start at 18. Several other bridges have been built; Tower Bridge completed in 1894.
At 19. London began an extraordinary period of development. There are about 1. 1 10,000 people in Greater London today; By 185 1, the population increased to 2.7 million, and by 190 1, it increased to 6.6 million. In the Victorian era, London gained great prestige as the capital of the British Empire and the center of culture and knowledge. Britain's free political system and academic atmosphere make London a refuge for those who are not safe in their own country. Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, Russian Aleksandr Herzen and German Karl Marx are all politically controversial figures who have lived in London for a long time.
During World War II, many buildings in central London were destroyed or damaged by air strikes. These include the town hall (where the mayor holds banquets and other public activities); Downing Street 10, the Prime Minister's residence; College of Court Lawyers; Westminster Hall and Parliament Building; St George's Cathedral; And the halls of many ancient uniform companies. Today, there are many new office buildings and residential areas built by government authorities. The development of London in the 20th century. Has been widely planned. A notable feature is the concept of "green belt" to protect some areas from intensive urban development. 1982, a duty-free zone was established in the dock area of Tower Hamlets in East London to stimulate development. Although the Canary Wharf Financial Center (with Lloyd's futuristic building, opened on 1986) initially had little passenger flow, it can now rival London.
The population of London is ethnically and culturally diverse, with a large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries. South Asians, West Indies, Africans and Middle Easterners make up most of the immigrant population. The city is home to the largest Hindu temple complex and the largest Sikh temple outside India; There are also many mosques, including the largest one in Europe. With the reconstruction of the central government of the city (2000), London established the egg-shaped town hall on the south bank of the Thames opposite the Tower of London (2002). This city is the site of 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympic Games, and will also be the site of 20 12 Summer Olympic Games.
London, the capital of Great Britain, southeast England, on both sides of the Thames. Greater London (199 1 popup window. 6378600), c.620 square miles (16 10 square kilometers), popped up by the company's city London (199 1). 4000), usually called a city, plus 32 districts. This city is old London and the commercial center of a modern city. Because of its area, it is also called "square mile". 12 Westminster Abbey, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tower Bridge, Greenwich, Liuyishem, South China, Lamberts, Wandsworth, hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea surrounded by inner cities. Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Haverlin, Menku and Dagenham, Newham, bexley, bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Kingston Confrontation Times, Richmond, Hornslow, Hillington on the Thames, Ilya, Brent, Hello, barnett, Haringey, enfield. Including London, formerly Greater London, formerly middlesex, and formerly Surrey, Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire. The Greater London Parliament in each constituency is elected.
Greater London was managed by the Greater London Committee until 1986, when the Thatcher government was abolished and London became a unique world metropolis without a central management unit. 1999, the Greater London Power Act re-established a single local administrative institution-Greater London, and formed an elected mayor and the London Parliament. The election was held in 2000, and ken livingstone became the first elected mayor of London.
economy
London is the most important financial, commercial, industrial and cultural center in the world. The headquarters of the Bank of England, Lloyd's Insurance, the stock exchange and many other banks and investment companies exist, mainly in cities, but in more and more canary docks. Financial services are the main source of all employment in London.
London is still the largest port in the world. It exports manufactured goods and imports oil, tea, wool, raw sugar, wood, butter, metal and meat. The production of consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry and stationery, but the production has lost some employment opportunities, and the companies that once dominated the textile, furniture, printing, chemistry and other processing industries have moved to other regions. Engineering and scientific research are also very important to the economy, which is tourism. The city is the hub of roads, railways and aviation (including London Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport), and now it is a high-speed railway line under the English Channel with continental Europe.
Interest point
The most famous streets in London are Fleet Street, East Street, Piccadilly Street, Whitehall, Mai Bo, Downing Street and Lombardy Street. 007 and Regent Street and Covent Garden are pointing out their stores. Buckingham Palace is the residence of the royal family in London. Municipal parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Garden, Regent Park (the house of London Zoo), St James Group and Green Park. Museums include British Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, National Gallery, Tate Gallery, Wallace Collection, Institute of Contemporary Art and Saatchi Gallery. London also has many commercial art galleries and an international art market that plays an important role in them.
Located in London, the British Library is one of the largest reference resources in the world. The city is rich in art and other cultural activities. Its about 65,438+000 troupes reflect the importance of drama. It has several world-class orchestras, a famous opera house, performance halls and clubs. A working copy of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre opened in 1997. University. London, like other universities, is the largest city in Britain. The state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is headquartered in London, and it is published in newspapers in most countries. New Scotland Yard, synonymous with criminal investigation, is located in the city. Sports events attract a large number of people from London who support cricket, football (going to Wimbledon) and tennis (including Wimbledon championships).
history
What is unknown at present is that before London, according to Tacitus, a Roman historian, in 6 1 A.D., the follower Queen Portia rebelled and slaughtered the inhabitants of Rome who wanted Serendium. The Roman authorities restored it as soon as possible, and the city wall was built for the first time, and the remnants still exist. More than the fifth time in the last Roman legion. London lost its obscurity. Celts, Saxons and Danes disputed the general area, but it was not until 886 that London became an important city controlled by King Alfred's company again. King Alfred rebuilt the Danish defense and gave it to the municipal government.
London put forward some resistance to William I in 1066, but he also dealt with the city later. The White Tower under his rule, the core of the Tower of London, is to build the East Wall. According to Norman and Plantagenet Dynasties (see Britain), during the commercial and political rule of urban growth, Richard I (1 189 to 1 199) obtained some form of municipal government from the development of modern enterprises in the city. 12 15, King John granted the city the right to elect the mayor every year.
The bank controlled civil affairs in the Middle Ages, and it grew enough to restrict trade in free people's cities. Today, the bank survives among 80 painting companies, which will become its members once voters are elected in the London municipal elections. London witnessed the foundations of the Middle Ages, such as the construction of courthouses and Westminster Abbey. 14 or so. London has become the political capital of the England team. Did not play a positive role, the Battle of the Roses (15. ) 。
The ruling Elizabeth I brought a certain degree of great wealth, power and influence to London, which is the undisputed center of British Renaissance culture. It was Shakespeare's time (with the Globe Theatre) and began overseas trading companies, such as the company's Muscovy Duck. With (1603) the Stuart dynasty ascended to the throne, it became the crown of the city's struggle, representing its democratic privilege, and finally the British civil war.
In 1665, the great plague claimed 75,000 lives. The fire in September, 1666, lasted for five days and almost destroyed the city. Sir Christopher Ryan played an important role in rebuilding the city. He designed 5 1 churches, especially the rebuilt St. Paul's cathedral. Other famous churches include Gothic Southwark Cathedral and St Paul's Cathedral (1633; Inigo Jones), Saint Martin Stadium (18 times or more. ) and Westminster Abbey. Many enterprises and literary and political discussions in London are held in cafes, which are the pioneers of modern clubs. It was not until 1750 that Westminster Bridge was opened that London Bridge was built above 10 for the first time. This is the only bridge across the Thames. Starting with 18. Other Bridges Tower Bridge in London was completed at 1894.
/kloc-more than 0/9. London began an extraordinary period of development. At present, there are about 165438+ ten thousand people in Greater London. In 180 1, the population has increased to 2.7 million dollars, and in 190 1, it is 6.6 million dollars. During the Victorian era, London gained great prestige as a cultural and intellectual center and was the capital of the British Empire. Britain's liberal political system and intellectual atmosphere make London a safe haven for its unsafe people. Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, Russian Aleksandr Herzen and German Karl Marx are all political controversial figures who have lived in London for a long time.
During World War II, many buildings in central London were destroyed or damaged by air strikes. These measures include town hall (on-site, mayor's banquet and other public activities); Downing Street 10 Prime Minister's residence; Law school; Westminster Hall and Parliament Building; St George's Cathedral and many halls are ancient painting companies. Today, the government authorities have built many new office buildings and apartment buildings. Growing up in London in his twenties. Has been widely planned. A notable feature has always been the concept of "green belt" to save some areas from the development of dense cities. 1982 In order to promote development, a duty-free zone was established at Tower Bridge in London at the eastern end of the port area. Although the Canary Wharf Financial Center (which owns Lloyd's future building and opened on 1986) was slow to fill at first, it is now a competitor of the city.
London has a multi-ethnic and multicultural population and a large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries. South Asia, West India, Africa and the Middle East account for a large number of immigrants. This city is one of the largest Hindu temples outside India and the seat of the largest Sikh temple; There are also many mosques, including the largest in Europe. With the reconstruction of the central government of the city (2000), London established its own egg-shaped Great Hall (2002), located in the Tower of London on the south bank of the Thames. The city is the host of 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympic Games, and will also be the host of 20 12 Summer Olympic Games.