Guozijian is the central official school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China. It is the highest institution of learning in the ancient Chinese education system. It is also called Guozijian or Guozimiao.
In the early years of Emperor Kai's reign in the Sui Dynasty, it was decided that Guozi Temple would take charge of Guozi, Guozijian, the Four Schools, calligraphy, and arithmetic. In the thirteenth year of its founding (593), Guozi Temple was no longer affiliated with Taichang, became an independent educational management institution, and was renamed Guozi Academy. In the third year of Daye (607), it was renamed Guozijian. There was a person in the prison who offered a memorial ceremony and was in charge of education. There is one person in charge of the book, and one person in the official school, such as Guozi, Guozijian, Four Schools, Calligraphy, and Mathematics. There are quotas for doctors, teaching assistants and students in all government schools. According to Dr. Guan Bai and Xia Zhi of the Sui Dynasty: "There are five people in Guozi who are studying at the Imperial Academy and four courses, and there are two people who are studying books and calculations." Assistant teacher: "Guo Zi has five people, Guozijian and Si Ke, and two people are doing books and calculations." Student: "Guo Zi has 140 people...". Xue co-existed with Guozijian and was a Confucian school specializing in the study of Confucian classics.
In the first year of Wude (618), Guozi School was established in the Tang Dynasty, with 300 students, all of whom were children of nobles, and 24 teachers. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), the Tang Dynasty changed the name of Guozi Academy to Guozijian, and at the same time it became an independent educational administrative institution. There was a toast in the prison, the officer with the highest degree of education. There is a teacher and a registrar, who are responsible for students' academic performance, student status and other specific matters. In the Tang Dynasty, the name of the Imperial College was changed to Sichengguan, Chengjunjian, and in the first year of Shenlong (705). According to the "Old Book of Tang": "All the six studies were transferred to Guozijian." The so-called six studies are Guozi, Guozijian, Four Books, law, calligraphy and arithmetic.
Imperial College/College
The Imperial College of the Tang Dynasty included Guozi, Imperial College, Four Schools, Law, Calligraphy, and Arithmetic. Differences between schools are related to students' educational status (i.e. their fathers and grandfathers). Xue, Guozijian and Sihui are respectively for the children of bureaucrats in the third, fifth and seventh grades and above, while law, calligraphy and arithmetic are for the children of the eighth grade and below. In addition, students of Guozi, Taizi and the Four Books studied Confucian classics, while students of law, calligraphy and arithmetic studied specialized techniques. There are 300 students from Guo Zi, 500 from Imperial College, 1,300 from the four subjects, 50 from law, and 30 from calligraphy and arithmetic. The entry age is 14 to 19 years old and the legal age is 18 to 25 years old. In the second year of Gaozong Longshuo's reign (AD 662), the Imperial College was established in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and together with the Imperial College in Chang'an, they were called the "two prisons".
Tai Xue, chief executive, serves the country and presides over government affairs. The branch consists of deputy director, Cheng (supervisor), chief secretary (hand seal), and secretary. There are academic officers in charge of teaching such as PhDs, teaching assistants, classical scholars, and direct lecturers. After entering school, students from Guozi, Taixue and the Four Schools must study in different subjects according to whether they will be admitted to Jinshi or Mingming Jing. Confucian classics are divided into three categories: "Book of Rites" and "Zuo Zhuan" are major classics, "Book of Songs", "Li Zhou" and "Li Yi" are classics, "Book of Changes", "Shang Shu", "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan" are For the Xiaojing. Those who understand the three classics should understand one major, medium and minor scriptures each; those who understand the five classics should understand all the major classics and one of the others; the "Book of Filial Piety" and "The Analects of Confucius" must be mastered. This is basically consistent with the examination requirements for Jinshi and Mingjing. Every year, the school recommends candidates to the Ministry of Rites to take the imperial examination. If you have poor grades in school, cannot be recommended for many years, or fall behind for many years after being recommended, you will often be expelled from the school.
Most of the scholars and those who enjoyed fame in the early Tang Dynasty were the second supervisors. During the selection process, the examiners also intended to reincarnate. Jinshi was born in two prisons and was deeply ashamed. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once ordered that everyone in the world must make up the exam. However, after the Anshi Rebellion, due to political chaos and financial difficulties, schools turned from prosperity to decline, and the number of students was less than one-third or one-quarter of the old society. The admission qualifications for the Imperial College and the Four Subjects had to be lowered, and the proportion of students and apprentices applying for the imperial examination was greatly reduced.
Four disciplines
In the 19th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (495), Li Guozi, Taixue and Simen primary schools were founded in Luoyang. Four courses start here. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, there were four primary schools, which were transferred to the Imperial College. There were 20 doctors, 20 teaching assistants, and 300 students. They taught the Five Classics to the students.
In the Sui Dynasty, there were 5 doctors, 5 teaching assistants, and 360 students. It ended in the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen's reign (593). Tang Mishi, who was transferred to the Imperial College, had six tutors and six assistants. There are four students, 1,300 students, 500 boys and uncles above the seventh level, and 800 descendants of common people. Song also once set it. Also known as "Four Gate Pavilion".
School students enjoy meals, but they must "tie up" their teachers. The so-called "bundle", that is, "bundle", is a gift given to students when they meet their teachers for the first time. This etiquette is said to have been practiced in the time of Confucius, but it was not until the Tang Dynasty that it became an explicit rule. The size of the gift depends on the nature of the school. Guozixue and Guozijian each received three pieces of silk; they learned two horses from four subjects; they learned one from others. In addition to silk, there are also wine and meat, the quantity is uncertain. A certain payment ceremony will be held when giving gifts to bring closer the relationship between teachers and students.
Law
It refers to the law that preaches and annotates written laws with law as the main body based on the principles of Confucianism. It not only explains the law with words and logic, but also expounds some legal principles, such as the relationship between etiquette and law, the boundary between interpretation and respect for scripture, the relationship between provisions and legal meaning, the relationship between written law and conviction and sentencing, the balance between leniency and severity in criminal law, and corporal punishment. The existence and abolition of criminals, changes in criminal names, litigation and prison management, etc. Yu Dingguo and Du Yannian in the Western Han Dynasty, Guo Gong and Chen Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty, etc. , passed down the decree from generation to generation, and recruited hundreds of disciples. Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, masters of Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty, both commented on "Han Code". Zhang Fei and Du Yu of the Jin Dynasty also commented on the "Jin Code" and explained the legislative principles and legal application. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, private notes were gradually replaced by official notes. The "Tang Lv Bian Lun" of 652 AD is an example of this kind of official commentary.
The law was first established by Emperor Ming of the Southern Song Dynasty during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Minister Ji Wei wrote to Emperor Ming, saying, "To be an official in a hundred miles, one must know the law." Emperor Ming established legal education, established a doctorate in law, and taught legal procedure knowledge to officials at all levels. This was the beginning of the establishment of Chinese legal science, breaking the monotony of Confucian classics and academics.
Legalism was affiliated to Dali Temple in the Sui Dynasty and belonged to vocational education. The Tang Dynasty was included in the management of central official schools, and the corresponding imperial examination was "Faming", and its students could take the Faming examination. Later he was awarded the position of eighth-grade official.
In the Tang Dynasty, the law became fashionable and outdated. Despite this, the law is still developing well. Legalism in the Tang Dynasty was one of the six official schools of the central government, either affiliated with the Imperial Academy or the Dali Temple. Doctor of Laws, starting from the eighth grade, teaching assistant, starting from the ninth grade. And the PhD at Imperial College is in the sixth year. Four PhDs, seventh grade. Bai Juyi said in "On the Disadvantages of Criminal Law" that the court at that time "disdained the law and despised the judges" and that law was not a subject. Han Yu said in "On Dai Zhailang, a Provincial Examination Student": "A student can study the classics, or be able to write. As for a micro-student, he can learn the law and recognize the talismans." Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty held an amnesty in the southern suburbs in the fifth year of Huichang, and stipulated "Ministry punishment, Dali law is straight, Ming Law students charge fees.” Among them, “Zhifa” refers to legal professionals. As technicians, their advancement is limited. It is difficult for people born in the Ming Dynasty to be promoted, and they are far inferior to those born in Jinshi. It can be seen that as a professional education, under the cultural and educational policy of respecting saints and Confucianism, the status of law is far lower than that of Confucian classics.
In June of the second year of Zhenyuan, Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict: "If there are those who can learn one method but not two elegances, and if they are qualified in both duties and responsibilities, they will be selected as officials with their true colors reduced to two on the same day. Those who can learn a small scripture at the same time and uphold the righteousness will be punished according to the Ming Dynasty." Starting from Tang Dezong, those who should understand the law can get better treatment if they can pass the law.
There were four forms of law in the Tang Dynasty: criminal law, order, style, and form. Law, that is, criminal law, including criminal proceedings and civil proceedings; order, that is, the provisions of the state's organizational system; grid, which is the various decrees and instructions issued by the emperor that state agencies must temporarily comply with; style, which is the official procedures and detailed rules for the activities of state agencies, It has the nature of administrative law. By the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and Law subjects in the imperial examinations were all about laws and regulations.
The rulers of the Tang Dynasty implemented the policy of "governing the country with Confucianism externally and governing the country with internal laws". The Ministry of Ming and Law was established in the imperial examination to promote scholars to learn the law so that future officials could better implement the law. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, officials were corrupt and bending the law, and the law became a dead letter.
Calligraphy
A school that cultivated calligraphy talents during the Tang and Song Dynasties. "New Book of Tang Dynasty·Selected Records": "In various calligraphy studies: the three-body stone classic is limited to three years old, the Shuowen is limited to two years old, and the Zilin is limited to one year old." "Song History·Selected Chronicles": " Scholars are familiar with Zhuanxu, Li, and Cao, understand "Shuowen", "Zishuo", "Erya", and "Dialect", and also know the meaning of "The Analects" and "Mencius""
Mathematics.
A school in ancient China that trained talents in astronomy and mathematics. Located in the capital. In the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Guozijian, and in the Song Dynasty, it was founded in the third year of Chongning (1104), and was later merged into the Taishi Bureau. I have studied some arithmetic books, such as "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Five Cao's Arithmetic", "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", "Island Arithmetic", and "Zhou Bi's Arithmetic". In the Qing Dynasty, it was called the Museum of Arithmetic. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), six Manchu officials and four Han officials were selected to divide Qin into science and education. In the twenty-fifth year (1713), an arithmetic hall was set up in Changchun Garden. In the fourth year of Qianlong's reign (1739), he was transferred to the Imperial College and was called a mathematician. Sixty Manchu, Mongolian, Han Eight Banners and Han students. Its Manchu, Mongolian and Han military students all took the entrance examination from the Eight Banners Official School. Chinese students were selected from Guozijian Institute of Mathematics from , , Sheng Yuan and .
There are also Wenguang Pavilion, Chongwen Pavilion and Hongwen Pavilion.
Guangwenkan
A supplementary school under the Imperial Academy during the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the ninth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (750), a doctor and teaching assistant was set up in the Imperial College to be responsible for teaching the students of the Western Jinshi in the Imperial College. This was soon abolished. During the Yuanhe period of Xianzong, there were 60 students in Xijing Wenguang Hall and 10 students in Dudong Wenguang Hall.
In the Song Dynasty, there was also a Wenguang Pavilion. Anyone who wants to take the Imperial Academy exam must first make up for the students from the Wenguang Hall before they can take the exam. Children of city officials and tourists from various places enter the library in various forms, reaching more than a thousand people, but only a dozen or twenty people attend the lectures on weekdays. In the seventh year of Zongyuan (1043), the number of students and apprentices increased to 2,400, and it was abolished in the first year of Shaosheng (1094).
Chongwen Pavilion
In the 13th year of Tang Zhenguan (639), Chongxian Pavilion was established, which was directly under the jurisdiction of the East Palace. In the second year of Shangyuan (675), in order to avoid the name of Prince Li Xianming, it was changed to Chongwen Pavilion, with a bachelor in charge of classics and teaching students. Put the school bookkeeper in charge of collating the classics. The 20 students were all selected from the children of the royal family and senior officials in Beijing.
Hongwen Museum
In the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (AD 621), Xiuwen Museum was established in Menxia Province. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's reign, it was renamed Hongwen Pavilion. Collection of over 20 million books. There is a bachelor who is responsible for the school book and teaching students and apprentices; if they encounter the evolution of North Korea's system and etiquette, they can participate in discussions. There is a proofreader who is responsible for proofreading classics and publishing them correctly. Create a Museum Owner, Consulate General Affairs. There are dozens of students, all descendants of the royal family and senior officials in Beijing, with bachelor's degrees in Confucian classics and historical calligraphy. In the first year of Shenlong (705 AD) of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Li Hongming Prince's Pavilion was renamed the Zhao Wen Pavilion. In the seventh year of Kaiyuan of Emperor Xuanzong (719 AD), there were still changes to Hongwen Pavilion. Because the students were born into noble families, they did not specialize in economics. After Kaiyuan, they were given exams based on the example of the Imperial College, but their positions were reduced by half.