On the night of 19 10, 10, the revolutionaries of Hubei New Army launched an armed uprising in Wuchang in the Qing Dynasty, and a bourgeois revolution that shocked the whole country and the world, the Xinhai Revolution, began in China.
The direct goal of the Revolution of 1911 was to overthrow the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty. However, because this rule has become a tool for imperialism to invade China, the powerful aggressive position and huge aggressive rights and interests of imperialist powers in China were obtained from the Qing government, so the fate of the Qing dynasty cannot but arouse their great concern. They didn't want to be bystanders of this important event, but carried out various activities to influence the process and result of this revolution.
Imperialists naturally dislike the China Revolution, because they never want to see the revolution change the existing semi-colonial rule order. Historically, whenever China is in trouble, the first reaction of the powers is often to mobilize their forces in China; This time is no exception. After Wuchang Uprising, warships of various countries sailed to the surface of Hankou. By 10 and 16, 5 British ships, 3 American ships, 1 French ships, 2 German and Japanese warships and 13 * *; On the 20th, it was increased to sixteen. Fleet commanders from some countries in China also rushed there; Chuan Dao, commander of the Japanese Third Fleet, ordered Jiro to arrive at 12 first, followed by British and German fleet commanders at 17 and 19. After the ships of various countries anchored on the Wuhan River, some of them landed some sailors or sailors in Hankou, and together with the foreign police and volunteers in the local British, French, Russian, German and Japanese concessions, they formed land armed forces and started activities in the concession under the command of British fleet commander Wen. Then, countries sent infantry to Hankou to replace the landing sailors or strengthen the armed forces of the concession. Italy, which has no concession in Hankou, has also transferred more than 30 people from its Beijing legation guard to Hankou to strengthen the security of the consulate. Imperialist powers are scrambling to strengthen the water power and ground power in Wuhan, nominally to defend the lives and property of their concessions, consulates and expatriates, but actually to monitor the revolution, observe the war situation between the revolutionary army and the nearby Qing army and create a war situation so as to take action at any time; Three of the German warships opened fire on the Revolutionary Army on June 10. .
Linked with neutrality, the imperialist powers strengthened their consultations with each other, and Qi Xin made concerted efforts to deal with China. Of course, this can't eliminate the existing contradictions between them, for example, the conflict of interest on the loan issue in the currency industry still exists, and there is no hope of solving it; But even in this respect, the quarrels that have been going on for several months after the China Revolution have decreased, at least on the surface. The harmony among the great powers is most obviously reflected in the loan requirements put forward by the Qing government. At the beginning, the governments of Britain, France, Germany, the United States and their consortia had different attitudes towards this matter. After consultation, they were unified on the basis of the British government's proposition, that is, they all agreed to avoid lending to any party in China at that time. 165438+1On October 8th, four banking groups decided to implement "financial neutrality" in China and temporarily refused to provide financial assistance to the Qing government. This decision was immediately supported by the four governments. During this period, a representative of a French consortium stepped in and signed a contract with a branch of the Qing government on October 27th, 65438, promising to provide a loan of 90 million francs (3.6 million pounds), and renewed the contract on October 30th, 65438/kloc-0, reducing the loan amount to 60 million francs (20 million francs). However, the French government did not support this, but blocked it, and the loan finally failed to be realized. On the other hand, when Sun Yat-sen sought a loan for the revolutionary government of Britain and France during the period of 1 1, he was also rejected by the relevant parties of the four-nation banking group.
When the imperialist powers are making decisions and coordinating policies on the new China Revolution, the fire of this revolution has burned all over the country. By the end of 1 1, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Anhui, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan and other provinces had successively experienced revolutions and declared independence. In other words, less than two months after the Wuchang Uprising, most of China has been separated from the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and Jiangnan has completely become a revolutionary world. If at the beginning of Wuchang Uprising, whether the revolution was established was still a controversial issue, then by this time, the facts have been answered, and the question has turned to the other side: Can the Qing Dynasty still exist in some form? With the expansion of the revolutionary area, the interests of the great powers in China are more and more involved. Especially in the trading ports where imperialist forces are concentrated, the reaction of the powers to the revolution is more direct and intense.
Revolutionary bonfires in three towns in Wuhan first caused panic among imperialists along the Yangtze River, and the response of British consulate officials was typical. Before the revolution in their place, they became nervous. They called Winston, commander of the British navy in China, and asked to send gunboats to guard them. Before and after the Yichang Revolution (65438+ 10/8 night) and the Changsha Revolution (65438+ 10/22), Wen did send warships. However, on the second day of Changsha Revolution (23rd), Wen was at a loss. He pointed out that the British naval forces along the Yangtze River should be concentrated in Hankou first, and cannot be sent to other ports for the time being. This reflects Britain's lack of strength in China. This is the case in Britain, and so are other countries. However, all countries are wary of the China Revolution, so they have formed a complementary relationship in the use of power. In other ports, such as Shanghai (165438+ 10.3), Wuhu (165438+10.9) and Chongqing (165438+10). This situation is not limited to all parts of the Yangtze River basin, such as Guangzhou, Fuzhou (both 165438+ 10/9), Xiamen, Yantai (both165438+ 12) and Beihai. In some places, some countries (including Russia) also sent troops or sailors (marines) to land in the name of protecting consulates or concessions. These are exactly the same as what other countries have done in Hankou.
The Shanghai Revolution has attracted great attention from all countries. Shanghai is the largest trading port in China, near the entrance and exit of the Yangtze River. For imperialist countries, this place not only has huge economic interests, but also has great political influence, which is the epitome of their semi-colonial rule in China. In fact, the concessions they directly ruled (public concessions and French concessions) are the symbols of their privileges and special status in China, and they will never allow the revolution to get their hands on all this. Shortly after the Wuchang Revolution, imperialists began to ponder how to deal with the possible changes in Shanghai. With the tension of the revolutionary situation in Shanghai, their plans have become more specific, the most important of which is armed alert. There are already foreign police, volunteers and naval guards guarding consulates and banks in Shanghai Concession, but they still think it is not enough. 1October 3rd, 165438+ Wen Sile even suggested that the British government negotiate with Germany, Japan, France and the United States to send 1500 infantry to Shanghai. He believes that this will not only strengthen foreign power in Shanghai, but also have a "restraining impact" on the entire Yangtze River basin. German and Japanese naval commanders in China also made the same suggestion to their respective governments. But their proposal had just been put forward, and before the relevant countries adopted it, Shanghai fell into the hands of revolutionaries that day. Then, the revolutionaries seized Wusong fortress. During this period, the soldiers of American and French warships have landed in Shanghai, and British ships are also preparing to send sailors ashore when necessary; At the same time, the British government urged the Hong Kong military authorities to be ready to transfer more than 600 soldiers, including infantry and artillery, to Shanghai at any time. Obviously, the imperialist powers show off their force in front of the revolutionaries in Shanghai (and other ports) in order to control the revolution in China within their permission. John Newell Jordan instructed Fa Lei, British Consul General in Shanghai, to conduct business contacts with the revolutionary authorities, but the status of the public concession should not be affected in any way. He believes that any attempt to change the current management mode of the concession by force should respond with "foreign military occupation". In fact, imperialists not only defend their vested interests by force, but also take the opportunity to expand their rights in China. It is a prominent example that they changed the status of Shanghai concession mixed courtyard without authorization.
This mixed court was formally established in May 1864 (less than one year after the merger of the Anglo-American Concession in Shanghai). Five years later (1869), the British consul in Shanghai published the regulations on its organization and activities, the Regulations on the Joint Examination for Officials. Therefore, the prosecutor's function is to handle all civil and criminal cases between China residents in the concession and foreigners as plaintiffs and China as defendants in accordance with China laws (cases involving foreigners should be handled in accordance with foreign treaties); Set up a colleague (later increased in number) to preside over the meeting, and the candidate will be selected by Shanghai Daolin School; General affairs, translation, library, officers and other staff in public office are appointed by comrades; This fellow's salary is paid by Shanghai Road; China criminals and fugitives in the concession should be informed that they can be arrested without a summons from Shanghai County or the help of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the concession. All this shows that when the mixed court was first established, it was a China court located in the public concession; However, China's legal rights have been violated by foreign countries here, mainly as follows: 1. All cases involving foreigners must be tried jointly by foreign consuls or consulates; Two, China hired foreigners as the defendant's case, China Tongzhi should take care of foreign consuls; At the trial, the consul or consul of the country sent personnel to appear in court for hearing; If the defendant is a servant of a foreign consul, he must obtain the permission of the consul to be arrested; Three, a party is a foreigner without a consul's case, should be tried by a foreign jury and China officials, if any party refuses to accept the judgment of common knowledge, you can appeal to Shanghai Road or a foreign consul; 4. Foreigners who commit crimes without consuls shall be tried and convicted by China Tongzhi, and reported to Shanghai Road for approval in detail, and Shanghai Road shall negotiate with the consuls of countries with agreements; Wait a minute. In addition, according to the provisions of the joint trial, the jurisdiction of the public prosecutor is limited, especially in criminal cases, which are limited to dealing with crimes below the cangue staff. As for the cases above the crime of desertion and homicide, they are not within their jurisdiction and belong to Shanghai County for trial and inspection. After the promulgation of the Joint Trial Act, the imperialists gradually expressed dissatisfaction with some of the above provisions, trying to amend the Act, expand the power of the mixed court, and expand the power of foreign jurors and the right of foreign consuls to interfere in public affairs. Until the eve of the Revolution of 1911, although mixed court's articles of association were not amended, the jurisdiction of mixed court was actually expanding. For example, in 1906, the diplomatic corps and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Qing Dynasty agreed that all cases sentenced to less than five years could be handled by the public prosecution law, and only prisoners sentenced to more than five years could be handed over to Shanghai County for jurisdiction. 19 1 1 year165438+1at the beginning of October, a revolution took place in Shanghai, the Qing dynasty was overthrown in Shanghai, and the mixed courtyard in the concession was temporarily closed. The revolutionaries not only controlled Shanghai, but also wanted to take over the mixed hospital. In this situation, the imperialists immediately took the opportunity to launch a conspiracy to seize the control of public safety. 1October 7th, 165438+ hedley, an American jury officer (there were jury officers in all countries at that time), put forward six suggestions on mixed courts to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. At that time, the Ministry of Industry, the consular corps, especially the leading consul, Belgian Consul General Fu Xue and British Consul General Fa Lei in Shanghai, became nervous. On June 5438+00, the Consular Corps informed the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to post a notice, announcing that consuls of various countries had "confirmed" three former colleagues as judges (judges) and continued to perform their duties under the guidance and cooperation of jury officers from various countries; The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is "authorized" to make its inspection room accept the prison of the mixed court, execute the summons and arrest warrant of the court (which must be sealed by the relevant consular organ), execute the laws and orders of the court (which must be countersigned by the relevant jury officer), and safeguard the legal authority of the court in all aspects, and so on. As soon as this notice was posted in front of the mixed courtyard, the concession patrol room immediately took action, stationed in Gongyi women's prison and detention center, and took over the building in Gongyi. Then, the Consular Corps decided to ask the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the Concession to take over the financial management of the mixed court, including paying all its expenses, paying the salaries of all staff in China except judges, accepting the fine income from public office and so on. 12 On February 22nd, the consular officer submitted a report to the Beijing Diplomatic Corps, listing various measures that the consular corps has taken and will take in the mixed court. In addition to the above points, there are two extremely important points: first, all "criminal crimes" in the concession, including criminals who should be sentenced to more than five years in prison, are handled by mixed courts; Second, "pure civil cases between China people" should be tried by foreign jurors. In this way, the imperialists' long-sought goals of expanding the power of mixed courts, expanding the power of foreign jurors and the right of foreign consuls to interfere in public affairs have all been realized. In fact, it can be said that the consular corps seized and thus controlled the mixed court, changed its status, and made it out of the judicial system of China and the jurisdiction of China. This is a serious step for imperialism to use the Revolution of 1911 to infringe on China's judicial power. At that time, both the consular corps in Shanghai and the diplomatic corps in Beijing described the above measures as "temporary stopgap measures", but in fact all these measures have long been consolidated.
Seizing China's tariff is another important event for the imperialists to expand their rights by using the China Revolution. It is achieved by seizing the tariff control right by the General Administration of Customs.
At the beginning of the Revolution of 1911, the revolutionary authorities in Wuhan did not immediately ask about the local customs. The revolutionary regime first came into contact with the customs issue, and the confrontation with the customs authorities was the Hunan military government. 10 year1On October 22nd, a revolution took place in Changsha. As soon as the Hunan military government was established, it sent a letter to Wei Kefei, the British Revenue Department of Changsha Customs, in the name of the commander-in-chief of Xiang Army, announcing that it would take over the customs and post office (the post office was under the administration of the customs at that time). On the one hand, Wei Kefei refused, on the other hand, he asked Anglian, the agent of the British Customs in Beijing, for instructions. Anglian has been planning the customs' response to the revolution. On June 5438+05, he instructed Jianghan Customs (Hankou) tax department not to "let taxes run into the revolutionary party's treasury. On the 23rd, he told Hu, Vice Minister of Taxation of the Qing government, "Some policies should be adopted to ensure that the tariffs (of ports controlled by the Revolutionary Party) are not used by the Revolutionary Party as military expenses, but are reserved for repaying foreign debts. "This laid the basic principle for them to deal with the tariff problem of revolutionary ports. Then, the Angles negotiated with John Newell Jordan, the British minister, about the problems faced by Changsha Customs, and determined the specific policies. On 26th, the two men split up: Anglian called Wei Kefei and asked him to "explain to the relevant parties that the customs tax has been used to offset foreign debts, and to avoid disputes with foreign powers, it is best to temporarily hand over the tax to the State Administration of Taxation or the consular corps for safekeeping"; John Newell Jordan called Zhai Binan, the British consul in Changsha, and said: "The rebel government should be induced to agree that the customs duties should be temporarily kept by the State Administration of Taxation or the consular corps; You should cooperate with the customs and tax authorities and do your best to achieve this goal. Taxes belong to foreign bondholders according to law, and if the rebels use them without authorization, there may be serious disputes with the powers. You should point this out to the rebel government. "Wei Kefei started negotiations with the Hunan military government according to Anglo's instructions. At this time, the military government proposed to deposit the tariff revenue into the government's Dahan Bank, which was temporarily frozen, but neither the military government nor the tax authorities used it. This has taken a step back from the position of taking over the customs, but Wei Kefei still refuses to accept it. With Zhai Binan's support and cooperation, he pushed forward to the revolutionary authorities step by step. He claimed that the banks of the revolutionary government were "unreliable" and that the military government was not recognized by the great powers. He hinted that the customs staff would go on a collective strike if they didn't listen to him. During this period, the gunboats of imperialist countries kept appearing on the Changsha River, which actually played a role in intimidating the military government. In this case, the Hunan military government made concessions in just a few days at the beginning of 165438+ 10: First, it agreed to deposit the tax into HSBC; The second step is to agree to store it in the name of the general tax department; The third step is to agree not to use it under the condition that the general tax department does not "withdraw money at will". In other words, it gave up the right to control and use the customs tax in Changsha, and handed over the custody of customs duties to the General Tax Department; Moreover, it is also agreed that the tax on Yuezhou (the revolution occurred in 10123 October) should be treated in this way. In this way, Changsha Customs set a precedent, which made the Angles and John Newell Jordan very satisfied. They decided to extend this method to other trading ports that have undergone revolutions one after another. Especially when Shanghai turned to revolution, John Newell Jordan immediately telegraphed the British Consul General in Shanghai, stipulating that the "rebel government" could not use customs taxes. He also instructed the British consul to help the local customs authorities resist the revolutionary government's intervention in postal services under the management of foreigners. When British embassy and consulate officials and China customs officials coordinated with each other everywhere to deal with the China Revolution, China revolutionaries lacked unity in this respect and went their own way. Revolutionary authorities in different places have different attitudes towards customs and tariff issues, and their handling methods are also different, but the results are roughly the same, that is, in a very short time, almost all places have entered Changsha and achieved Anglo-John Newell Jordan policies. In Guangzhou, the British Revenue Agency of Guangdong Customs received more promises from the revolutionary government than Changsha, and won the right to move tariffs for the General Revenue Agency. 165438+1On October 20th, Anlian wrote to Wei Kefei: "Other ports in Guangzhou and Guangdong have made proper arrangements. The tax is deposited in the bank in my name, and I can use it to pay off the debts due. " He added, "The measures that I reached an agreement with Guangdong and obtained the acquiescence of other local governments have all been agreed by big countries. "Of course, the powers agreed. 1October 9th, 165438+ Anglian said frankly to John Newell Jordan, "I need time to put China's tariffs under my control, that is, foreign control. "Now he has put the customs duties of the revolutionary port under his own jurisdiction, so that it can be used exclusively to repay foreign debts and protect the interests of foreign creditors. This is actually under the control of foreign countries and fully conforms to the wishes of big countries. This made it impossible for revolutionaries to use tariffs, so it was also approved by the Qing government. On the same day that Anglian wrote to Wei Kefei (165438+1October 20th), the Qing government announced in a note to John Newell Jordan that the customs revenue from all parts of the revolutionary areas had been collected by the General Administration of Customs to pay off foreign debts and boxer indemnity.
However, imperialism is not satisfied with seizing tariffs in revolutionary areas, but wants to eliminate all tariffs in the country. On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/9, 2009, Anglo and John Newell Jordan negotiated again and took actions respectively. Anglian went to Hu again (at this time, it was the newly established foreign minister of Yuan Shikai's cabinet) and asked him to suggest to the government that "the taxes of ports that have not left the central government should be handed over to me (Anglian) without reservation"; John Newell Jordan made a note to the Qing government on the pretext that a sum of due principal and interest of the Anglo-German renewal loan could not be paid on schedule, and "insisted on taking measures to hand over all taxes-not only those from ports not owned by the government, but also those from ports still controlled by the government-to the State Administration of Taxation for management". The Qing government did not dare to disobey. 1October 27th, 165438+ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed John Newell Jordan that "all the customs duties at all ports have been handed over to the General Administration of Customs for distribution of foreign debts and compensation. To this end, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has asked the State Administration of Taxation of the Taxation Bureau to immediately take necessary measures to pay the above-mentioned overdue debts. " (4) According to this spirit, the Angles quickly worked out four measures. On the one hand, all the customs under the Qing government, like the customs at the revolutionary port, were handed over to the Shanghai and Hongkong Bank by the customs and taxation department and deposited in the account of the general taxation department; On the other hand, ministers are required to "select foreign banking committees" and agree on the repayment order of various foreign debts, so that the State Administration of Taxation can repay them on schedule in order. After these four measures were examined and approved by the Qing government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent a letter to John Newell Jordan on February 2, 65438, and forwarded it to foreign ministers of various countries. Things have developed here, and the Qing government's handling of tariff issues has been determined from principles to specific methods. However, the issue of tariff management has not been completely solved, because the organization and activities of the "Foreign Banking Committee" have yet to be decided. Ministers of various countries consulted the directors (managers) of relevant foreign banks in Shanghai on this matter. On June 23rd, the directors' meeting 165438+ made six resolutions and submitted them to the diplomatic corps for consideration. Ministers can't make a decision, and they have already reported to their respective governments. Diplomatic missions have to wait temporarily for all countries to ratify these six articles.
Imperialism has rapidly developed from seizing the tariffs of revolutionary ports to seizing the tariffs of all ports ruled by the Qing Dynasty, which clearly shows that their scope of safeguarding and expanding their rights and interests in China is not limited to revolutionary areas. This situation is also manifested in other aspects, and it directly involves the surrounding areas of Gyeonggi.
Article 8 is an epoch-making document in China's tariff history. It is not only a summary of all kinds of activities that imperialism colluded with foreign customs officers in China to seize China's customs supervision right within 100 days, but also the basis for imperialism to control China's tariffs for many years to come. It finally established the principle that all net tax deposits of China Customs can only be used to pay off foreign debts and boxer indemnity, and made a set of regulations on the basic methods and procedures for implementing this principle. It officially announced the birth of a new institution, the National Banking Committee, in order to accept all net deposit taxes of China Customs, supervise the custody and distribution of these taxes, and use these taxes to deal with the payment of foreign debts and debts; At the same time, some original institutions in foreign countries and China have been given new rights or functions directly or indirectly, that is, the benefits of storing China tariffs have been handed over to three foreign banks, namely HSBC, Dehua and Russia-Asia [Daosheng], and the scope of authority of the General Taxation Department of China Customs has been expanded to be responsible for collecting, keeping, remitting net deposit tax to Shanghai, storing it in three foreign banks in Shanghai, withdrawing funds from it and paying due foreign debts. From then on, the whole process of China tariff from collection to payment (to foreign creditors) was not in the hands of China people, but was managed and authorized by the State Administration of Taxation, three foreign banks in China and the Shanghai Banking Committee, and finally flowed into the hands of foreign bondholders. These serious situations caused by the formulation of the eight measures are all the results of the illegal intervention of the imperialist diplomatic corps in China's tariffs; In turn, these eight measures legalized the diplomatic missions' intervention in China's tariffs, and became the new financial shackles for imperialist powers to take advantage of the Revolution of 1911.
The date when the Eighth Measures was officially promulgated coincided with the unstable market price of China bonds in the international financial market. Both the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation of London and the British government are eager to bring China's tariffs into the track of eight measures as soon as possible, so as to alleviate the concerns of foreign bondholders and play a stabilizing role in the financial market. Prior to this, Anglian, the State Administration of Taxation, had taken action to transfer local taxes to Shanghai; At this time, the banking committees of various countries in Shanghai also launched activities, one of which was to put forward a list of outstanding debts due to the China Revolution and demand payment. From February of 13 (the day after the abdication of the Qing emperor), the tax department of Shanghai Customs began to refund the funds according to the eight laws; By the end of April, all overdue foreign debt principal and interest had been paid off. In this way, the credit of China bonds in the international financial market will gradually recover and become stronger and stronger; Although boxer indemnity, which defaulted from191110, can't make up for it at this time, foreign China bondholders have greatly breathed a sigh of relief. These situations occurred when China's political situation changed dramatically and Yuan Shikai unified the two regimes, which objectively helped to improve the position of the Yuan government in the eyes of foreigners and helped the Yuan government to borrow new debts.
Second, Japan took the opportunity to expand its power in the three northeastern provinces.
1 At the beginning of the year, Sun Yat-sen, the provisional president of the Republic of China, appointed Lantian as the customs governor, organized a fleet and planned the Northern Expedition. Japan estimated that the northern expeditionary army was likely to land in the southern part of Liaodong Peninsula, so it immediately seized this problem and took the opportunity to seek to expand its aggressive rights and interests in the southern part of the three northeastern provinces. First of all, it obtained the right of "taking full responsibility for preserving the railway outside the customs". Two months ago, at the beginning of 10, when Britain proposed 19 165438+ to protect the traffic line between Beijing and Haikou, Japan had already proposed to Britain that it (Japan) "guard" the customs (from Shanhaiguan to Fengtian) according to the precedent of Russia 1900. Now, it will be approved by Russia. 1912 65438+10 17, Japanese Foreign Minister Yasuo Uchida instructed the Japanese ambassador to Russia to tell the Russian authorities "quickly" and "secretly" that if the Northern Expeditionary Army starts to act, "the southern Manchuria region will be in a state of chaos for a period of time" in order to safeguard Japan's ". Russia said it had "no objection" to this, but asked Japan to "inform the Russian government in advance when deciding to send more troops."
In fact, Japan used its position in the Lvda Concession and the right to station troops along the Nanman Railway. 1 February, more than 12,000 troops were stationed in the south of the three northeastern provinces. At the beginning of February, a part of the Northern Expeditionary Army from Yantai landed near the Biliu River mouth of Liaodong Peninsula, and after confronting the Qing army, it occupied Huayuankou. Japan accused these troops of entering the gap (neutral zone) in the north of Luda Concession, and they should retreat because they violated the treaty. Lan Tianwei agreed. Soon the Qing emperor abdicated, and the Qingtian Guards retreated to Yantai.
Before and after the abdication of the Qing emperor, some people, such as Su and Prince Gong Pu Wei, stubbornly opposed the Manchu emperors and royalists who fled to the Lvda Concession in the Republic of China, and some of them were "specially treated and protected by the Japanese authorities". On the one hand, the Japanese invaders raised these people, and at the same time, they tried their best to win over and buy off some upper-class princes in Inner Mongolia as tools to create troubles and carry out separatist activities in Manchuria and Mongolia.
3. On June 65438+1October 1 1, the Russian government issued a communique, proposing the conditions for "mediation" between the Mongols who declared independence and the Qing government. This is a new Russian intervention in China's diplomacy.
At the same time, Japan proposed to Russia to carve up the sphere of influence of Inner Mongolia, and Japan and Russia began a plot to carve up Inner Mongolia.
In the far southwest, Tibet was in turmoil at the end of 19 1 1; After entering 19 12, the riots continued to expand. Britain took advantage of China's troubles and began a new intervention in Tibet.
These issues have become the main negotiation topics imposed on China by imperialism in the early years of the Republic of China, which will be described in detail in the following sections.
Fourthly, once Yuan Shikai's government of the Republic of China was established, it first grasped two things in foreign relations. One is to ask countries to recognize the Republic of China, and the other is to ask the four-nation banking group to provide after-care loans. The imperialist powers took a completely different attitude towards these two things: they did not want to solve the problem of recognition immediately, but they took on loans very actively, and gradually dragged the newly established Republic of China into the net of international financial capital from here, which is the after-care loan.