1787 From May 25th to September17th, the United States held a constitutional convention in Philadelphia to formulate a constitution. This Constitution has replaced the Confederate Regulations of 178 1 and become the first written constitution in the modern history of the United States and even the world. The Constitutional Convention was presided over by Washington, attended by 55 people, most of whom were politically conservative, with Hamilton as the representative. Only two Democrats, Franklin and Luther Martin, attended the meeting. Finally, the federal constitution was adopted. This constitution basically makes no mention of the people's democratic rights. Later, under the pressure of the masses and the struggle of the bourgeois Democrats, the constitutional amendment of 10 was passed in July 1789 and came into effect in June10, which is the famous Bill of Rights.
Second, the specific content of the Bill of Rights:
The Bill of Rights refers to Articles 1 to 10 of the American Constitution.
The First Amendment stipulates that Congress shall not make laws that respect the state religion or prohibit religious freedom. Congress has no right to pass laws that restrict citizens' freedom of speech, publication, assembly and petition.
The second amendment stipulates that a well-disciplined militia is necessary for the security of a free state, and the people's right to keep and carry weapons shall not be violated.
The third amendment stipulates that in peacetime, soldiers may not be stationed in residential buildings without the consent of the owners; In wartime, no troops shall be stationed except in the manner prescribed by law.
The fourth amendment stipulates that the people's right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure of their person, residence, documents and property shall not be infringed. Search warrants and seizure warrants must be sworn and confirmed, and can only be issued by local judges if there are "reliable reasons". But the places to be searched and the people to be arrested should be specific and clear. In fact, the Fourth Amendment wants to protect people, not places, from unreasonable government interference. In other words, personal houses and possessions are "an extension of personal freedom", so they are part of personal rights.
The Fifth Amendment stipulates that no one may accept the criminal charges of death penalty and felony without the consent of the grand jury, except in the case of Lu Haijun and militia in wartime or when there is public danger. No one may face life or physical danger twice because of the same criminal act. You shall not be forced to testify against yourself in any criminal case. No one can be deprived of life, freedom or property without due process of law. Without fair compensation, private property may not be requisitioned for public use.
The Sixth Amendment stipulates that in all criminal charges, the defendant has the right to a timely and open trial by an impartial jury in a place where the crime has criminal jurisdiction. The defendant should be informed of the facts and the cause of the case, and have the right to obtain evidence favorable to him and the right to get the help of a defense lawyer.
The Seventh Amendment stipulates that in common law cases, the right to be tried by a jury is reserved for cases where the disputed amount exceeds $20. In cases without a jury, the review will be conducted in federal courts and will not be based on common law rules.
The Eighth Amendment stipulates that no additional bail shall be required, no excessive fine shall be imposed, and no cruel or extraordinary punishment shall be imposed.
The Ninth Amendment stipulates that the rights listed in the Constitution cannot be used to infringe upon the inherent rights of others.
Tenth Amendment: The rights that the Constitution does not grant to the Federation, or the rights that the Constitution does not prohibit to the states, are reserved by the states and their people.
Third, other constitutional amendments passed by the United States later.
On February 7th, the jurisdiction of the federal courts over the states was restricted.
121804 June 15 presidential election method.
Slavery was abolished on February 6th 13 1865 65438.
141868 July 9, nationality, punishment procedure, election of representatives, treason, national debt, all citizens enjoy equal protection rights.
151870 On February 3rd, all citizens shall not be restricted from voting because of the difference of color and race. (excluding gender)
161965438+the right of congress to collect income tax on February 3, 2003.
171965438+On April 8, 2003, the federal senators representing the states must be directly elected.
181919 65438+1October 16 The United States prohibited the manufacture and transportation of alcohol (later repealed by Article 2 1).
Sex discrimination in elections is prohibited. (Men and women are equal at this time)
20193365438+1October 23rd stipulated the term of office of the President and the procedures of the National Assembly.
21193365438+February 5, the amendment to article 18 was abolished.
221951February 27th, the president may be re-elected at most once.
231961319 Washington state election rules.
241964 65438+123 October, voting rights are not subject to tax restrictions.
251967 February 10 succession rules for the president and vice president.
26 1 971July1protection1the right to vote of citizens over 8 years old.
271May 7, 992 It is forbidden to change the remuneration of members at will.
Four, from the introduction of the above one, two and three, we can draw a basic conclusion that there is no obvious provision against racial discrimination in the ten provisions of the Bill of Rights, but the first one can be understood as including some aspects.
In fact, the most obvious constitutional amendments against racial discrimination should be Articles 13, 14, 15 and 19.