(1) Establish the principle of judicial independence. The Law on the Examination and Compilation of Dali Courtyard clarifies this principle for the first time, and clarifies the power and status of Dali Courtyard and the trial halls at all levels. This is reiterated in the Law on the Establishment of Courts. The establishment of this principle is a complete denial of the traditional emperor's overall judicial power and administrative intervention in the judiciary.
(2) Distinguish between civil litigation and criminal litigation. The Trial Charter of Judicial Offices at All Levels makes a basic distinction between civil and criminal proceedings, thus ending the history that central judicial offices mainly try criminal cases, while local judicial offices do not distinguish between criminal and civil proceedings. The Law on Trial Compilation of Courts in Dali establishes a system in which courts at all levels set up criminal courts and civil courts to hear criminal and civil cases respectively.
(3) Separation of judicial power and procuratorial power. The main duty of the ancient supervisory organs, Yushitai and Duchayuan, was to "correct public officials" and at the same time enjoyed the right to participate in the trial of difficult cases. In essence, it has both supervision and judicial power. Before the judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty, Duchayuan was in charge of supervision and also participated in the trial of difficult cases. The Law on Trial Compilation of Dali Courtyard stipulates that procuratorates at all levels shall be set up in the trial halls below Dali Courtyard to be responsible for procuratorial work and supervision of trials. The trial provisions of the trial courts at all levels and the law on the establishment of courts also clarify that procuratorial organs have the power to search for punishment, initiate public prosecution and supervise the execution of judgments in accordance with the criminal procedure law, and have the right to designate matters for the parties to civil cases or public welfare representatives in accordance with the civil procedure law.
(4) recognize the defense system. In ancient criminal trials, interrogation was used, and there was no room for defense system. Theoretically, the presumption of guilt has been implemented. Before the judicial reform in the late Qing dynasty, criminal cases were mainly inquisitorial trials, and there was no defense system and presumption of guilt in theory. The Criminal and Civil Procedure Law of the Qing Dynasty (1906) defined the defense system for the first time, but it was not promulgated. 19 10, the system of lawyers and lawyers appearing in court was recognized in the law on the establishment of courts, which was the beginning of the lawyer system in China.