When Mandela was studying at Fordhal University, he met oliver tambo, a lifelong good friend and colleague. And in the first year of Mandela's university career, he participated in the activities of the student union to resist the unreasonable policies of the school. He was ordered to drop out of school and told that he could not go back to school unless he accepted the election results of the student union. Since then, Mandela has obtained a correspondence law degree from London University in prison.
Shortly after leaving Fordhal, Mandela arranged to marry the heir of the Tembu family. But he chose to escape and left his hometown for Johannesburg. Just arrived in Johannesburg, he found a job as a coal mine security guard. However, when the mine owner discovered that Mandela was an escaped aristocrat, he was quickly dismissed. Mandela later found a clerical job in a law firm in Johannesburg, during which he completed his bachelor's degree at the University of South Africa by correspondence. After that, he began to study law at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. While studying at the University of the Witwatersrand, Mandela lived in Alexandra, a town north of Johannesburg, and met his later anti-apartheid colleagues-Joslova, Harris Woz and Ruth Foster. 1944 participated in the African National Congress of South Africa, which advocated non-violent struggle.
1948, the South African Nationalist Party ruled by Boer won the general election. Because this party supported the policy of apartheid, Mandela began to take an active part in politics. He played a leading role in the rebellion of the ANC in 1952 and the people's assembly in 1955. The foundation of these movements is the Charter of Freedom. At the same time, Mandela and his colleague oliver tambo opened Mandela Tambo Law Firm to provide free or low-cost legal advice to blacks who can't afford defense lawyers, and successively served as the Executive Committee of the ANC, President transvaal province and Vice President of the State. At the end of 1952, he successfully organized and led the "contempt for unfair laws movement" and won the respect of all blacks. To this end, the South African authorities twice banned him from attending public meetings.
1958 On September 2nd, Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd became the South African Prime Minister. During his administration, he promulgated the Ban Toustain Act, which limited100000 African blacks within the territory of South Africa 12.5%. At the same time, he implemented an enhanced pass system in China, which intensified the contradiction between South African blacks and whites and eventually led to the Chapel tragedy.
1960 On March 2 1, the South African military and police opened fire on 5,000 protesters who were demonstrating in Chapel. The tragedy * * * led to 69 deaths 180 injuries. Mandela was arrested and imprisoned, but he was acquitted in court debate.
196 1 led a strike movement to protest against the boycott of the "Republic of South Africa" founded by white racists; After that, he turned to underground armed struggle. Mandela founded Umkhonto we Sizwe, a military organization of the ANC, and served as commander-in-chief. He had secretly visited foreign countries, attended the meeting of the anti-freedom movement in Addis Ababa, and called for economic sanctions against South Africa. 1962 In August, with the help of the CIA, Mandela was arrested and imprisoned by the apartheid regime in South Africa. At that time, the government sentenced Mandela to five years in prison for "incitement" and "illegal border crossing". Since then, Mandela began his 27-year "prison career".
19621June15th, Mandela was detained in Pretoria District Prison. There, Mandela was held in solitary confinement for his own benefit. The detention time is as long as 23 hours a day, only half an hour in the morning and half an hour in the afternoon. There is no natural light, no writing objects in the confined room, and everything is isolated from the outside world. In the end, Mandela gave up some of his rights and wanted to communicate with others.
1In June 1964, the South African government sentenced Mandela, who was serving his sentence, to life imprisonment on the charge of "attempting to overthrow the government by violence", and he was transferred to Robben Island that year. Robben Island was the largest secret prison in South Africa from the mid-1960s to the period of 199 1, where a large number of black political prisoners were held. Mandela's cell in Robben Island is only 4.5 square meters, where he was treated inhumanely. Robben Island prisoners were forced by jailers to toil in the island's quarries. On the island, Mandela hoped that the prison would allow him to open a vegetable garden in the prison yard. The prison refused many times, but finally agreed to Mandela's request. On the island, Mandela still insisted on physical exercise, such as running in his cell and doing push-ups.
1982, Mandela left Robben Island and was transferred to Polsmore prison. Since then, Mandela has ended his imprisonment of 18 years in Robben Island. He also opened a vegetable garden here and planted nearly 900 plants.
1984 in may, mandela and his wife were officially allowed to have a "contact" visit. When his wife heard the news, she thought that Mandela might be ill. When they visited, they hugged each other. Mandela said, "This is the first time I have kissed my wife for so many years. Well, I haven't touched my wife's hand for 2 1 year. " In the later period of apartheid, South Africa was severely sanctioned by the international community, which eventually led to the release of apartheid and national reconciliation in 1990.
On February 1990, South African President de Klerk announced the unconditional release of Mandela. 1990 In February, Mandela finally regained his freedom after spending 27 years in prison. On the day of his release from prison, he went to Soweto Football Stadium and delivered a famous "Release Speech" to 654.38+0.2 million people. 1990 was appointed as vice-chairman and acting chairman by the National Executive Committee of the ANC in March. 1In April 1994, the ANC won the first non-racial general election in South Africa. On May 9, after the results of the first multi-ethnic election in South Africa were announced, Mandela became the first black president in South Africa's history.
19971997 In February, Mandela resigned as the chairman of the ANC and said that he would not participate in the presidential election in June. 1999.
1March 1999 12, awarded honorary doctorate by Leiden University, a famous European university. In May, President Mandela was invited to visit China. He is the first South African head of state to visit China. Officially resigned in June. 20 13 In March, Mandela was hospitalized again at midnight on 27th due to the recurrence of lung infection. This is Mandela's third hospitalization since February 20 12, and his second hospitalization in March. During Easter in the west, South Africans go to church to pray for Mandela.
2065438+On June 8th, 2003, Mandela was sent to Pretoria Hospital for treatment due to the recurrence of lung infection. On June 12 of the same year, Mandela's grandson Mandira issued a statement saying that Mandela's condition had improved. Mandira expressed her gratitude to those in South Africa and the world who sent blessings to Mandela. On June 23, Mandela's condition began to deteriorate. The medical team reported that Mandela's condition was "critical" in the past 24 hours.
On September 1 2065438, the South African Presidential Palace said that former President Mandela had been discharged from hospital and returned to his home in Johannesburg to continue intensive care, but his condition was still very serious and his health was sometimes unstable.
20 13, 12 On February 6th (5th South Africa time), Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg at the age of 95. South Africa held a state funeral for Mandela, and the national flag flew at half mast. From 0 13, 12, 10, 165438, Mandela's official memorial service will be held at the National Bank Gymnasium in Johannesburg, South Africa.
20131211,Mandela's body will be transferred to the Federal Building in Pretoria for public viewing for three days.
Every morning at 20 13, 12, 1 1 3, Mandela's coffin will be displayed on the main road in Pretoria for people to bid farewell to the founding father.
Official website announced that 9/kloc-0 heads of state, government and representatives of international organizations will attend Mandela's memorial service and funeral. These include China Vice President Li Yuanchao, US President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister David Cameron, British Prince William and Prince Charles, French President Hollande, Canadian Prime Minister Harper, German President Gok, Italian Prime Minister, Afghan President Karzai, Palestinian President Abbas, Brazilian President Rousseff, Indian President Mukherjee, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, European Council President Van Rompuy, former US President Carter, former US President George W. Bush, former US President Bill Clinton, former British Prime Minister Major and Blair.
On the morning of 20 13 12 15, Mandela's state funeral ceremony was held in Kunu village, where Mandela lived as a child. The specific location is Mandela's family cemetery. Leaders from many countries attended the funeral and delivered speeches, and nearly 5,000 people from all walks of life sent Mandela on his last trip.