Past subjects or today's so-called "criminal suspects" can directly appeal to the central government if they have unjust cases or refuse to accept local judgments. There are drums outside the hall, and officials in charge of promotion can be heard by their subjects. This kind of "climbing drum" was recorded in the Book of Jin and has been set since then. In the Song Dynasty, there was also a special organization related to this "drum". In the early Song Dynasty, it was called Drum Division and Dengwenyuan. In the fourth year of Zhenzong Jingdezhen (1007), the drum department was changed to Deng Wenyuan, and Deng Wenyuan was changed to Deng Wenyuan. The Drum Academy and the Procuratorate presented the case directly to the emperor for trial. Anonymous's "Exploring Chen Zhou" is the first fold: "Let him be a thief and ugly, and be smart in all aspects. If you can't report it to the government, you still have to report it to the newspaper. " You can see the fun of drums. At that time, it was even stipulated that if the Drum Academy and the Procuratorate refused to accept it, they could appeal to Yushitai and even the emperor. Of course, ordinary people can't see the emperor, so there is a prosecutor in the DPRK, and you can report to him.
The origin of the system of beating drums and sounding injustice
Of course, the emperor is too busy to solve this lawsuit, and he can't make a double major. When his advertising rules were promulgated, there were really many people coming to Beijing in the world, even big or small. what can I do? From the first year of Emperor Taizong's reign to Daoism (995), the imperial edict issued: No one is allowed to cross the lawsuit in all roads. Later, it was explained in detail that only local prefectures and counties could accept it.
In the sixth year of Emperor Zhenzong's reign in Xianping (1003), it was also stipulated that after the affairs of counties and counties were ignored by states, state officials, transit envoys and officials in Beijing could publish confidential cases or cases that were not accepted by the prison department. There is a certain time limit for appeals, which is half a year in the Northern Song Dynasty and 1 year in the Southern Song Dynasty. Government officials are longer than ordinary people, which is three years. In case of special circumstances such as amnesty, it can be extended to five years. In the end, this "advertising system" only exists in name only.
But the emperor is not completely irresponsible. Knowing that I can't solve so many cases, I delegate this power to officials at all levels. There must be a way to protect justice. Therefore, a relatively complete criminal trial system was established in the Song Dynasty, including trial jurisdiction, composition of judicial institutions, withdrawal of judges, legal prosecution and trial procedures.
There was no heavy punishment at the county level in the Song Dynasty, and the maximum penalty was only 100 sticks. The state level has the right to try cases of imprisonment or above reported at the county level, and also accept complaints and try criminal cases. Before Yuanfeng's political reform, the state could make judgments on large and small cases, including the death penalty, and then it had to be reported to the criminal litigation department for approval before execution. The establishment of national jurisdiction can make up for the lack of acceptance capacity of Deng Wenyuan. At the road level, there are transportation administration departments, criminal departments and other institutions, which are responsible for reviewing criminal cases in counties along the road and rehabilitating unjust imprisonment. This is a supervisory measure to make up for the defects of the state and county litigation system. The Central Ministry of Supervision does not manage prisons, nor does it have prison institutions. It is only responsible for reviewing local cases, rehabilitating unjust cases and supervising local officials to make them try according to law.