Literary inquisition, literary inquisition, why not [1]? That is, Ming Taizu, just after the founding of the People's Republic of China, cut off a lot of heads because of the detailed characters [2]. There were many laws in the Qing dynasty, and the operation methods of the literary inquisition in the Ming dynasty, such as easy conviction, heavy sentencing and wide influence, were naturally inherited. However, the literary inquisition in Qing dynasty was dominated by Kang, Yong and Gan dynasties, and the literary inquisition in the three dynasties had their own characteristics, so it could not be generalized. The literary inquisitions in the Kangxi Dynasty, such as the most famous case of Zhuang Tingyi's Ming History [3] and the case of Dai Mingshi's Nanshan Collection [4], were offended because they revealed the meaning of "full of eyes". Although the conviction and sentencing of the second case are contrary to the ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of the press in later generations, they wrote about the historical events of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and blatantly ignored the title of the Qing Emperor, saying that Shunzhi could not be called "orthodoxy" when San Francisco was not peaceful and the Ming Dynasty was still alive. This argument, in Michelle Ye's view, which strongly emphasizes that "I am the best in the world, which has never been seen before", is undoubtedly a vicious attack on its ruling legitimacy, which is unbearable. No wonder he is also known for his openness and tolerance. There were two major cases in Yongzheng period, represented by the literary inquisition, but the meaning of drunkenness was not wine. One is the Nian Gengyao case, and the other is the Ceng Jing case. The former, if you want to add to the crime, why not speak? This is an excuse to cut down the hero. The latter is an excuse to dispel the prejudice of Han people against Manchuria. Yin Zhen stood out among the princes and inherited the unification, with Nian Gengyao and Longke as the first contributors. However, the death of two people is inevitable. Wang Zhonghan said, "People who are fickle in their age and prosperity must work hard, which is not enough to achieve anything. However, they have long been wary of them and have long planned to kill them when they are finished. " Even if two people are obedient and self-defeating, it must be a disaster "[5]; Whether it is to seize the office or the world, it is inevitable that the emperor will hide his bow and slaughter dogs and continue the revolution (the life of a revolutionary) after it is done. However, it is a rare story that Song Taizu took the initiative to put down the butcher knife after drinking a glass of wine. The way the emperor killed dogs varied from person to person, but they were not as picky as Yin Zhen. Nian Gengyao wrote "morning and evening remonstration" and "evening remonstration" in the memorial, but the order was reversed, such as beautiful scenery, blooming flowers and dark night. Yin Zhen took the opportunity to attack, saying that "Nian Gengyao was not careless in his daily work and didn't want to attribute' morning and evening remonstration' to me" and "the contribution of Nian Gengyao and Qinghai was also undecided between my permission and disapproval. Eight months later, Nian Gengyao's "Anti-Daoism" and "Ask the Emperor to Punish Nian Gengyao Officially" were played by the Minister of State, the Ministry of Punishment and other government offices, aiming at "Nian Gengyao ordered self-punishment". Party member in the toilet was also sentenced to death, and the handling of the money case attracted the most attention. When Nian Gengyao was a popular figure in front of Yin Zhen, he was praised as a poem by celebrities. Yin Zhen called him "insincere" and "Ming Jiao can't accept it". However, he was not beheaded, but was removed from his post and sent back to his hometown. Yin Zhen personally wrote a plaque with the words "teach sinners" written on it, which is known to the world as a condemnation in his own home; At the same time, officials in Beijing were born as juren and scholars, "imitating the poet's intention of stabbing evil, each being a poem, punishing his misdeeds and even being stubborn" [7]. After all the ministers' poems were written, they were rated as A and B by Yin Zhen, and then delivered to the world, making them "published and presented". "Every provincial school is in its proper place", "If you want to make the world's ministers work, you will be accused of teaching. It is better to be born ashamed than to die of Buddhism. " This kind of punishment can be called "teasing and abuse", which is unique in the autocratic history of the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years. However, during the Cultural Revolution of the last century, this kind of thing also counted. Who studies Ming history in a public college in my hometown? Before and after comparison, we know that this is also difficult to understand in history of qing dynasty. Ceng Jing, a native of Hunan, read the suicide note of Lv Liuliang, a native of Zhejiang, by chance and learned about some historical events during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He couldn't help feeling the pain of the conquered people and was encouraged by armed subversion. At that time, it was widely rumored that Yue Zhongqi, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, was a descendant of Yue Fei and was an enemy of the Jin Dynasty. Ceng Jing wrote a letter to Zhong You, listing Yin Zhen's crimes of killing his father, killing his brother and insulting the hero, and urging him to initiate rebellion. However, times have changed, Yue Zhongqi is no longer Wu Sangui [8], and Ceng Jing is a trap. According to the law, Ceng Jing should be guilty of "rebellion"; However, Yin Zhen's handling of him was unexpected again. Instead of killing Ceng Jing, he invited him to Beijing to exchange views and debate on various issues of common concern, and finally gained knowledge. Ceng Jing "was convinced and regretted his previous paranoia, which was a rude awakening" [9]. Yin Zhen even compiled conversation record (interrogation record) and related letters and memorials into a wonderful book "Memory of Great Justice", which was promulgated all over the world, "so that scholars and villagers can know it." Yin Zhen's move is very emboldened, because the most important theme in the book is the dispute between Hua Yi and Man Han, which was the most taboo in the Qing court after Qianlong [10]. However, Li Hong disagreed with his father's disposal. The first important thing he did after he acceded to the throne was to take back and destroy the "record of putting righteousness above family loyalty" and put Ceng Jing, who had been pardoned before, to death. Li Hong's actions can be described as unfilial and unbelieving. Yin Zhen didn't kill Ceng Jing at that time, but there was an edict that "future generations don't investigate its massacre"; Who knows that the bones are not cold, Li Hong flagrantly violated his last wish and executed his father "friend". This is unfilial. The book The Mystery of a Great Sense of Justice is published all over the world. The book is frank and has debated sensitive issues of race, culture and region such as Manchu, Han nationality and customs. Regardless of whether his reasoning is enough to convince the world, this practice of artificially setting up a restricted area for speech and thought is commendable. Li Hong withdrew and banned his books. In his own opinion, he was born timid and had a guilty conscience. In people's eyes, he has the impression of breaking his word. This is unbelief. The rule of the Qing court is best advertised as "respecting heaven and ancestors", but the actual operation is not the same. Li Hong's "bringing order out of chaos" in the Ceng Jing case is an obvious example. But in addition to the criticism of unfilial and unbelief, we can also conduct psychological research on autocratic monarchs. As mentioned above, Michelle Ye's style can be summarized by the word "magnanimity" in the control of thoughts and speeches; Yin Zhen is a bit too "careful", but it is not completely unreasonable; Li Hong, on the other hand, blindly adopts a high-handed policy, which is unreasonable and dishonest. It is not too much to call it "terrorism". But why are the three generations getting worse? Is it caused by different personalities? Yue: No, it's the times. During the reign of Kangxi, the territory was not yet stable, and the emperor's heart was focused on winning the hearts of the people as much as possible besides military victory. Therefore, the "derailment" of language and thought is not worth boasting about. During the Yongzheng period, the key issue was to rectify the official administration. The "spy politics" he criticized (in the form of establishing a military department and a secret folding system) was only aimed at the bureaucratic system and did not disturb the people excessively; As for the heroic imperial clan massacre, it was the so-called contradiction within the ruling class, and there is no doubt that later historians pinned their feelings on it. However, his handling of literary inquisition, such as Ceng Jing's case, cannot exclude argumentative factors in his personality, but the deeper reason is his concern about the legitimacy of his administration. On the one hand, Confucianism provided theoretical resources of legitimacy for Manchuria to enter the Central Plains, such as "God has no relatives, supplemented by virtue" and "After spoiling me, I will be retaliated after abusing me". On the other hand, some contents in Confucianism can shake its legitimacy, such as the dispute between China and foreign countries and the dispute between Taoism and orthodoxy. Yin Zhen believes that banning dissidents and killing scholars cannot fundamentally solve these disputes, so he will "argue on an equal footing" with Ceng Jing regardless of the disparity in status. However, if we want to solve this ideological dispute within the framework of absolute monarchy, the result will never be optimistic only by arguing. If he can effectively restore the prime minister system in traditional politics, he may be able to treat both the symptoms and root causes; The discussion on the prime minister system will be detailed later, needless to say. Li Hong undoubtedly noticed that his father's skill in persuading others through debate had little effect, so he changed his tone and banned debate instead. He was able to do this because of the background of the times, that is, the "prosperous times" mentioned earlier. Under the rule of Qianlong, although there were so-called "peerless martial arts", it was easier than the military in the Kang Yong era. The civil service system was rectified and refreshed by Emperor Kang and Emperor Yong, and gradually obeyed. People's livelihood, after "never increasing taxes" and "abandoning envy and returning to the public", also tends to be healthy. It is under the background of "prosperous times" that it is possible to "destroy morale" without fear of causing a rebound except for scholars; This is also the reason why Qian Mu accused the Qing court of "pleasing the people while restraining the literati". There is no literary inquisition in troubled times, and the bad king lacks the "knowledge" to set up a literary inquisition. Only in the "prosperous times" under the "prosperous times" will the literary inquisition flourish. Qianlong was once a "prosperous time", and Li Hong also claimed to be "the son of tomorrow". However, it is natural that the literary inquisition in Qianlong dynasty became a grand occasion, ranking first in the history of imperial system in 2000. It is also interesting to evaluate the literary inquisition in Qianlong dynasty. Take Gong Zizhen as an example. He is not ignorant of the negative impact of the literary inquisition, otherwise he would not say: "I am afraid of the literary inquisition, and I write books for Mi and Liang" (Yong Shi); But he doesn't seem to mind the literary inquisition in the Qianlong dynasty, otherwise he wouldn't say that "the literati in the Qianlong dynasty didn't know each other and fell asleep for no reason." Modern people study the literary inquisition in Qing dynasty, and some people are in tune with it. For example, Yu Dahua believes that it is not easy to define literary inquisition in a broad sense: first, those who openly advocate overthrowing the Qing regime with words and are convicted should not be regarded as literary inquisition; Second, although it does not advocate subversion of political power, it deliberately commits taboos and is not a literary prison; Third, it is a verbal taboo on the surface, but it is actually a behavioral taboo and should not be classified as a literary prison; Four, individual "prisons", should be analyzed case by case, not across the board [1 1]. Theft refers to the four listed items. The first, third and fourth items are not unknown, but the second item can be discussed. The political taboos in the history of our country all come from the meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals [12], that is, "the venerable person is taboo, the relative is taboo, and the sage is taboo". The word "taboo" has two interpretations, one is "hiding" and the other is "avoiding". Those who are secretive and "hide their evil" are also contrary to the "straight pen" of writing history; Those who avoid taboos, "avoid their names and belittle their words to show respect", is a common "frustration" in history. [13] Zun, Qin and Xian are not gods, but people; If you are human, you will make mistakes and do evil; How to express the evil deeds committed by the three people in the history of the country and how to use words at the memorial service are quite difficult to think about. It goes without saying that the style of writing is straightforward and commendable; If you have to write a song, then human feelings are inevitable; However, it is not advisable to "hide its evil" as "taboo" and "the meaning of spring and autumn" as "lack of pens and books" Although "avoiding its name and belittling its words" is a different statement, the facts can be tested and the right and wrong can be re-evaluated. If you hide the pen, the truth will disappear. How can you judge right from wrong? However, when we study history and want to learn from it, what we welcome and admire most is the author of a straight book. Secondly, we can understand the necessity of writing, but we hate the "dirty history" that hides evil people and practices evil, and even fabricates and whitewashes it. Therefore, the "people who intentionally violate taboos, although they do not advocate subversion of political power" mentioned in Yu Standard should be regarded as the literary prison violated by straight pen and bent pen, and should not be excused for the emperor by another crime-in Yu's words, "at least ideological crime". For example, Ceng Jing's attempt to overthrow the current regime by armed forces, violating the criminal law ("rebellion") is a criminal offence and should not be included in the literary prison; However, collecting the historical materials of the late Ming Dynasty, writing about the historical events of the Ming Dynasty [14], or complaining a little about the difference between Manchu and Han, one is academic interest, the other is institutional criticism, and there is no attempt to subvert the regime, but it is also dismissive and even ruined. This is naturally a literary prison, and it is not necessary to use whether it violates taboos as a conviction standard. As for those who violate taboos because of poetry and prose, such as "a person's heart is turbid and clear" (Hu Zhongzao), "In the Ming Dynasty, I went to the capital in one fell swoop" (Xu Shukui), and "When I take the positive color of Zhu Fei, the alien is also king" (Shen Deqian), if I want to add to the crime, I have nothing to say, which is undoubtedly a literary inquisition. In history, the simple and rude binary criticism (either black or white, either one or the other) triggered by historical research with class struggle as the key link is not conducive to gaining a clear understanding of history, or using "sympathy and understanding" as an excuse to reverse the verdict of relevant historical events in ancient emperors and imperial times. Some cases are well turned over, while others are too sympathetic, leading to "over-interpretation", but before you know it, it becomes. That is to say, from the emperor's point of view, does he not know that the literary inquisition is an immoral and evil law, and does he not have the idea of not doing too much? For example, in Dai Mingshi's "Nanshan case", Michelle Ye was too involved, "with a sad face", and ordered him to be removed from the world, arguing that all the dead were exiled. So "more than 300 people got their purpose and lived completely." Another example is the case of Qu Dajun's Dadu Gongci, where anyone who collects Qu poetry intends to cut it, Li Hong does not allow it, saying that "it is not necessary to force the destruction of its books" and the Qu clan "does not need to be investigated". However, why should future generations defend him, saying that he deserved it and was not persecuted by the literary inquisition? In addition, there are some cases in the prison where characters were written in Qianlong dynasty, which are neither hindered by the rulers (such as Yongzheng Nian Gengyao case and Qianlong Hu Zhongzao case), nor offended by the strict prohibition of literature and the search of chapters and sentences. To borrow Zhou Shuren's terminology, this situation is offended by "alienation". He said: "People have always believed that the curse of words originated from the ridicule and curse of the Qing Dynasty. However, this is not entirely correct. ..... Have a plenty of reckless; Some are crazy; Some country songs are pedantic and elegant, so I really don't know the taboo; Have a plenty of ignorant people in the wild, really care about the royal family "(Lu Xun's" the gap between the essays in the pavilion "); He took Feng Qiyan's Notes on the History of Yi as an example. Feng Qiyan, a native of Linfen, Shanxi Province, heard that Li Hong was going to visit the Tailing Mausoleum (the tomb of Yin Zhen, in Yixian, Hebei Province). He was pregnant with a book and intended to present it, but he was arrested for "acting suspiciously" first. His works are really ignorant, full of nonsense and without sufficient theory. But at the end, I attached an autobiography, which was really interesting. To put it simply: "here I am, I don't want to do anything, I don't want to ask for anything." There's only one thing up in the air. Please tell your majesty the reason. My name is Feng Qiyan, and my name is Zhou Nan. I have tasted Aunt Zhang's house. I can marry a woman, but my hatred is not enough to do this. This girl is my daughter, and she is seventeen years old. She is the second daughter of Zhang Shoutuan, director of Dongguan Pure Cattle Factory. I went to my fifth aunt's house again, and I could marry her when I saw my daughter, but my hatred was not enough. This woman's name is Xiaofeng, and she is thirteen years old. Although she is not a mandatory figure, she is the second daughter of Du Yue, the Sheng Rui in downtown JD.COM. If you use your majesty's power to send a servant, choose a fast horse, drive to Linyi every day and ask Linyi local officials,' Is there Zhang Shoutuan in the promotion of Dongguan Chunniu factory director?' If so, then this matter will be harmonious. Ask again:' Is there a Aduyue in Dongcheng Shengrui?' If so, then this matter will be harmonious. If these two things are in harmony, the minister's wish will come true. However, here I am. I don't know if your majesty's words are true, but will it be stronger with such things? On the occasion of the special speech, I mentioned it "; Sheng Feng wanted to talk to the emperor about equal ceremony, so he told Li Hong that the word "Zhou Nan" was my minister, and he hoped that the emperor would not call him by his first name, but by the word "Zi". He also recognized the emperor as an "old friend" and asked him to help him solve the lifelong event-to marry two cousins (Zhang Sanyi's little daughter and Du Wuyi's Xiaofeng) into the house. Not only that, he was generous, saying that even if the emperor couldn't help, he wouldn't blame him ("Are these things to make each other stronger?" ), but you said it yourself ("you can mention it when you make special suggestions"). Sheng Feng contradicted the imperial court's will, and used his mind to interpret the scriptures and asked the son of heaven to be the matchmaker, which is exactly what he called "recklessness", "pedantry" and "taboo for medical treatment" in Zhou Shuren. So I fell into a literary prison ("the crime of nuclear affection is more serious than the etiquette conflict") and was sent to Heilongjiang and other places to be enslaved by armor [15]. He is poor, his experience is sad, but his business is not beyond discussion. Feng Qiyan did this because of his own logic: there were two words in the imperial era, one was "monarch father" and the other was "courtier", and the relationship between monarch and courtier was compared to that between father and son. Since Feng Qiyan thinks he is a minister, he might as well be a father. As a son, asking his father to make the decision to get married is just in line with the old adage "parents' orders, matchmakers' words". This is his logic. However, it is not inevitable whether the monarch really regards Li Shu as his son. Therefore, Zhou Shuren used the word "diaphragm" to define this literary inquisition. It can be seen that the composition of the literary inquisition is slightly three-sided: first, why does the monarch want to add crimes without words? He is critical of literary details and kills people with a knife; A scholar uses words to make sentences, intentionally or unintentionally violating taboos, thus offending; One is that the situation is in full swing due to the "diaphragm" between the upper and lower levels, which leads to tragedy. However, it is not convincing enough to say that this can destroy morale to the point where it is hard to see, thus creating a "declining world" of "harmony among thousands of troops and horses". Take the academic prosperity of Gan and Jia as an example to illustrate. The period of Gan and Jia was the heyday of modern academic development. Scholars have made great contributions to the inheritance of China culture by sorting out and restoring ancient books. Their style of study of seeking truth from facts and not seeking truth from facts still has influence today. Some people who explore the reasons often say that this is because the autocratic regime imprisons ideas and promotes literary inquisition, which leads scholars to remain silent about the status quo and compete to bury themselves in that pile of old papers, which leads to the "prosperous age" of academics. If the literary inquisition had such a role, there would not be a large-scale literary inquisition in the Warring States and Song and Ming Dynasties, and how could it create a prosperous academic situation? During the Cultural Revolution of last century, the frequency and intensity of literary inquisition far exceeded that of Qianlong era. Why has academia become desolate instead? Can't future generations learn the "academic disaster avoidance method" of the times, not only because their minds are not ancient, but also because their IQ has decreased? Regarding the relationship between literary inquisition and scholarship, Yu Yingshi put forward the theory of "internal logic", arguing that since the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, scholars have paid more and more attention to "Tao and learning" rather than "respecting morality", which is why there will be a "prosperous time" for academics when they are learning and improving. Although ideological imprisonment and political repression are external causes, the "internal logic" of academic development is also very important [16]. I think this theory is very reasonable. The causes of literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty lie in the above three reasons. The academic prosperity in Qing dynasty should have its inherent logic, not all of which appeared in response to political changes. However, from Qianlong to Daoguang, in the past hundred years, a "strange status quo" with low morale and strong style of study has been formed. Is there "internal logic"? If so, what is this "road management"? I think this "internal logic" is the abandonment of the prime minister system. Please explain what it is. -In the Han Dynasty, Yang Yun, Sima Qian's husband, was beheaded for complaining in private letters (Hanshu, Volume 66); In Song Dynasty, Su Shi was arrested for "satirizing with poetry", which led to "Wutai Poetry Case". Qin Gui attacked political opponents with literary inquisition, implicating dozens of people ("Song Shi Gao Zong"); In the Ming Dynasty, Gao Qi wrote On Liang Wen, but Mao saw it, and "because of anger", he cut it at his waist (Shi Ming, volume 285). These are all famous cases in the literary inquisition of past dynasties. In short, after the Song Dynasty, literary inquisitions became more frequent than before, and with the continuous development of "civilization", literary inquisitions were on the rise. [2] The literary inquisition in the early Ming Dynasty was cruel, especially ironic. For example, "Professor Xu Yikui of Hangzhou congratulated him and said,' Under the skylight, natural saints rule the world', and the emperor (by) saw great anger and said,' Living, becoming a monk, taking my taste as a monk; Light, then shave your head; Then the word, sound close to the thief. Then cut "; Another example is: "The poem of the monk's coming to thank you has the words of' beyond the realm' and' self-shame and immorality in praising Tao Tang'". The emperor said: "You use extraordinary characters to show that I am evil; Some people say that I have no virtue to praise Tao Tang, which means that I have no virtue. Although I want to use Tao Tang's songs, I can't. "Then cut"; See article 32 of Zhao Yi's Twenty-two Historical Records (China Bookstore, 28 years, 1987). However, CHAN Hok-lam's textual research on the prison case in Wen Zi, Ming Taizu, holds that this kind of case was not recorded in the literature in the early Ming Dynasty, and only appeared in unofficial history after Jiajing. Based on this, the Biography of Murray at the end of Wanli is vivid, and Zhao Yi's Miracle is a masterpiece. According to its textual research, Xu Yikui lived to Bapin, not died of Mao Zhijian; Later, he died in Hu's party and had nothing to do with the literary inquisition. [3] [4] [5] [6] "A Record of Sejong's Constitution" was in the heart of Yongzheng for three years in March. [7] "Records of Sejong Xian" in March of Yongzheng four years. [8] Lv Liuliang tried to communicate with Wu Sangui. [9] [10] This order is the imperial edict of September 12th, the seventh year of Yongzheng. Among them, the main points are as follows: "The book says:' Heaven has no relatives, and virtue is the supplement'; Gade is enough to rule the world, so Tian thinks he is the king of the world. I have never heard of the truth that virtue is not a blessing, and people who choose places are assistants. He also said,' If you caress me, you will get revenge for abusing me'; People's hearts love each other. I have never heard of trillions of returns, and there is a reason for choosing land regardless of morality. " Another example: "This dynasty was Manchuria, and it was also the birthplace of China. Shun is a foreigner as well as a foreigner. What harm did it do to Shengde? "Confucius said:' Therefore, those who are virtuous must have orders'; Since the emperor, there has been a slap. Moreover, since ancient times, China has been unified, and its territory cannot be wide. Those who do not submit to it are denounced as barbarians. For example, more than three generations of Miao, Jingchu and Yan, that is, the land of Hunan, Hubei and Shanxi today, but what is the purpose of today? As for the heyday of the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, the Northern Emperor and Xirong were border troubles, never surrendered, and had their own land, so they were divided into one side and the other. China's territory has been developed and expanded, which is a great fortune for China people. It is a great fortune for people that I entered Middle and became the king of the world, and all the most marginal tribes in Mongolia were included in the territory. How can there be a difference between China people and foreigners? " In the end, "China and Yi Di also, then Yi Di also; It is the conclusion that it is easy to change the emperor and be Chinese, then it is Chinese. Yin Zhen's statement is controversial. Although he is suspected of stealing concepts-using regional concepts, stealing cultural concepts (Chinese and foreign) and ethnic concepts (Manchu), he emphasizes that people who rule the world should be virtuous. He stands on the hearts of the people and takes the people-oriented theory of "love me, then abuse me, and then retaliate" as the standard of political legitimacy, which is ultimately commendable. [1 1] Yu Dahua's New Theory on Literary Prison in Qing Dynasty. [12] [13] Lu Chun's "Biography of Chunqiu Collection" Volume 9 "Taboo Examples" briefly said: "As the old saying goes, to hide and avoid taboos is to hide its evil ears. If you hide its evil, what is a straight pen? Avoid it, avoid it, avoid its name and insult its words to show respect. Today, I can confidently say that what happened to others is a death or a humiliation; As for what you respect, you say it politely. This cover is common sense, and so is the method of avoiding it in Chunqiu. Those who have to write about evil avoid saying it. Zhao Zi said:' If a monarch is too evil, he will be insulted by taboos. It is enough to avoid it and know that he is not good'; " Ram said:' Outside, big evil books, small evil books; Inside, big evils are not books, and small evils are books'; Not at all. No matter how big or small the education is, whether it is possible or not, how can it be small or big? "In short, the key is to avoid its name and not hide it. [14] For example, Duan Changxu's "Wu Sangui Tan Ji" and Peng Jiaping's "unofficial history Ji, A Brief Introduction to Henan Changes" in the late Ming Dynasty offended everyone. The whole "Royal Elegance" was originally intended to praise "the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty were the best in the world" and "unprecedented", but it was offended by historical events involving the Ming Dynasty. [15] [16] Reference:
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