Parliament is the central stage of British politics and the highest legislative body in Britain. The British Parliament is divided into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The difference between the upper house and the lower house is mainly the difference between members. The House of Lords, also known as the House of Lords, is mainly composed of royal descendants, hereditary nobles, newly created nobles, judges of the Court of Appeal and churches. They are not elected. The lower house is elected by the people, also known as the lower house or the House of Representatives.
Britain is the founder of the parliamentary system. The British Parliament is bicameral and consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords, also known as the House of Lords, has 725 members, mainly composed of royal descendants, hereditary aristocrats, newly created aristocrats, judges of the Court of Appeal and important church figures. Members of the House of Lords are not elected. The nobles in the upper house can be divided into four categories: one is religious nobles. These nobles have seats in the House of Lords because they hold the position of archbishop or bishop.
The second category is hereditary aristocrats. Including hereditary aristocrats and female aristocrats in England, Scotland, Great Britain and Ireland.
The third category is life-long aristocrats. A life-long aristocrat nominated by the Prime Minister and conferred by the King of England (the title of nobility cannot be passed on to future generations) and a female aristocrat.
The fourth category is the nobles of the Court of Appeal.
They are nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the King of England. They mainly perform the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Functions: The House of Lords is the highest judicial organ in Britain, and its decisions are binding on the lower courts. The Speaker is also the Chief Justice. Compared with the House of Commons, the power of the House of Lords is relatively limited, and it retains the judicial power left over from history. It has the right to examine bills passed by the House of Commons and adopt necessary amendments, and it can also request the postponement of legislation it disagrees with.
The British government generally accepted the amendment proposed by the House of Lords. The House of Lords is also the highest appellate judicial body in Britain, but in fact only a few members of the House of Lords (legal members) have the right to conduct judicial arbitration. The House of Lords does not check and balance the Prime Minister and his government. The House of Commons can force the Prime Minister to resign or hold elections through motion of no confidence.
2. How many judges are there in the British Supreme Court?
Representative system refers to the system in which citizens elect representatives and form representative organs to exercise state power. This is a form of indirect democracy. Representative system is widely practiced in modern countries. The representative organ of a country is parliament, so the representative system is also called parliamentary system.
The emergence and development of representative system reflects the objective needs of the increasingly specialized social division of labor and the increasingly complicated state affairs. In modern society, no matter which ruling class practices democratic politics, it usually takes the form of representative system, but the specific ways are different. The representative organ of a capitalist country is the legislature of the country, which independently exercises legislative power and checks and balances with the other two powers, namely, administrative power and judicial power. Regarding the establishment of representative institutions, some countries adopt bicameral system, while others adopt unicameral system.
Due to the differences in historical background, cultural tradition and economic and social development. Different countries have different political systems, and their representative organs have different positions and functions in the organizational system of state power.
Constitutional monarchy (English: constitutional monarchy), that is, limited monarchy, is a national system relative to absolute monarchy. Constitutionalism is to establish people's sovereignty, limit the power of the monarch, and realize the ideal of harmony without adopting * * and regime. It can be divided into dual constitutional monarchy and parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The responsible cabinet system is a form of government organization in capitalist countries. The cabinet is generally composed of the leaders of the political party or several political party alliances with a majority of seats.
Germany, India, Italy, Israel and so on. It is a parliamentary system and a republic system.
Different forms of representative system have different relations and power distribution among heads of state, parliaments and governments. But in general, it is a system of decentralization and checks and balances. The United States is a typical country with three powers separated.
3. What is the British Supreme Court?
British cabinet system.
Cabinet system: the cabinet that monopolizes the state administrative power is produced on the basis of the parliament and is responsible to the parliament. The leader of a political party or a coalition of political parties with a majority of seats in Parliament is the head of the Cabinet and organizes the Cabinet. Under the supervision of the cabinet, when the parliament does not trust this cabinet, it will collapse.
Under this system, the head of state nominally represents the country, but has no actual administrative power. Different from cabinet system, there are presidential system and monarchy.
Features:
First, the executive and the legislature are unified (referring to the initiative of legislation, and the proposed bill must be considered and voted by the cabinet), rather than the obvious separation of powers, and there is no presidential check and balance mechanism.
2. The Head of State and the Chief Executive are divided into two persons. Due to the differences between historical traditions and individual systems, its name is not fixed. Some heads of state are called kings, some are called presidents, and some are called big princes (such as Luxembourg) or princes (such as Liechtenstein). As for executive heads, they are usually called prime ministers or prime ministers.
3. The Chief Executive is elected with the consent of the Parliament and is accountable to the Parliament. Under normal circumstances, the Chief Executive and cabinet members can also serve as members of parliament (although some countries stipulate that they are not allowed), and they may leave their posts because of distrust of parliament. Therefore, the term of office of the cabinet is not fixed.
4. When the head of state issues an order, it needs to be countersigned (countersigned or countersigned) by the Chief Executive or relevant cabinet members to clarify the rights and responsibilities, and the responsibility shall be borne by the countersigner. If there is no countersignature, the decree of the head of state has no effect. So the role of the head of state is actually to rule, not to rule.
5. The head of state usually mainly undertakes ceremonial tasks. However, when the country is in a state of emergency, it must go beyond political parties to appoint a new CEO or declare the exercise of emergency powers to protect the country from crisis. Therefore, although the head of state does not often exercise power, he still has symbolic power or reserved power.
6. The Chief Executive is indirectly elected. Usually, members of parliament are elected by the people, and then the people elect the chief executive.
4. What is the British Supreme Court?
As far as the political system is concerned, western countries all practice parliamentary democracy, multi-party system and separation of powers. However, different countries have their own characteristics in specific organizational methods, among which the most representative are the presidential system in the United States, the cabinet system in parliament in Britain and Germany, and the semi-presidential system in France. First, the basic characteristics of the American political system model. The political system of the United States is a presidential country. In its early power structure, there was no political party factor, but in the later political competition, political parties continued to play an increasingly important role in it. Its main features are as follows: 1. Presidential candidates are recommended by political parties, and the president is directly and indirectly elected by all voters in the country. It is not necessarily the person who gets the most absolute votes, but the person who gets the most electoral votes. Any presidential candidate who gets 270 electoral votes will be elected president of the United States. The party that elects the president is the ruling party, and it takes office to form a cabinet to exercise administrative power. The president is also the chief executive, who directly controls the administrative organs and is also the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. 2. The political party system in America is quite loose. The significance of the existence of political parties is more as a tool for various elections. After the election, the role of a political party as an organizational system is quite weak, so it is a typical electoral party. The United States is a typical two-party system, but it is different from the two-party system in western European countries. Not by ideology, but by regions and interest groups. These two political parties are essentially political parties representing the interests of different bourgeoisie. In the American power system, most of the power from the federal government to the local government is in the hands of two parties, and the third party has never really posed a real threat to the party and the Democratic Party. 3. Members of the United States Congress, namely the House of Representatives and the Senate, are generally elected by political parties, directly elected by referendum and have legislative power. Except for a few elected members who are members of the third party and independents, most of them are won by the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party, and they form their own party groups. The speaker of the House of Representatives is a senior member of the majority party, the speaker of the Senate is a vice president, and an interim speaker is established. Unlike western European countries, even if they win a majority of seats in the Senate and the House of Representatives, they are not necessarily the ruling party. Only the president's party is the ruling party. There are also mid-term elections during President S's term of office, mainly to re-elect some senators and representatives. Although the president of the United States is nominally the leader of his political party, he looks more like a national president, and his party background and traces gradually disappear after his election. No American president has led a political party in an all-round way, and it is difficult for him to control congressional, state and local public officials through party organizations. The president of the United States is not elected by Congress, and he is not responsible to Congress. 5. The advantages of this political system model are: the president of the United States has more power, is less restricted by political parties, and is more independent, which is conducive to making political decisions quickly and improving the ruling efficiency. Its weakness is that the three major power systems in the United States restrict and contain each other obviously, resulting in some system consumption. The president has no right to dissolve Congress, but he can veto bills passed by Congress, and Congress can impeach the president. The President can appoint the Supreme Court, which can decide whether the laws of Congress and the President are unconstitutional. Second, the basic characteristics of political system models in Britain, Germany and other countries. The model of party politics and political power in these countries is very common in the West, including Britain, Germany, Sweden, Canada, Italy, Japan and most developed countries in Western Europe. Basically, it belongs to the responsibility cabinet system, which is a typical parliamentary democracy. Their basic characteristics are: 1. The main way for political parties to gain power is to win parliamentary elections, that is, to obtain a majority of seats.
However, there is also the phenomenon of minority party cabinet in parliament, especially when several political parties enter parliament and no political party obtains a relative majority in parliament. 2. The power system of the country is centered on the Cabinet, which has the highest executive power of the country. Be responsible to and obey Parliament. The cabinet has not only the executive power, but also the right to propose legislation, and the parliamentary majority controlled by the ruling party guarantees the passage of legislation. The prime minister or prime minister has great power. He can not only choose cabinet members, decide the country's major policies, but even dissolve parliament and announce early elections. 3. The president or king is more of an honorary position and has no real power. Under this political system, the king is hereditary, and the president is mostly indirectly elected, such as a member of parliament. As the head of state, the president or king is more symbolic and ceremonial, and only intervenes in the power mediation between political parties under special circumstances. Usually detached, do not assume specific responsibilities. Most political parties have a relatively strict organizational system, but the right wing is looser than the left. Whether as a mass political party or an elite political party, most political parties have a top-down organizational system, and even a set of party peripheral organizations, such as trade unions, American organizations in which young people and women play an auxiliary role, and even form some restrictions on the government. 5. The advantage of this regime model is that it is relatively democratic and fair, both in system formation and actual operation, which is more conducive to scientific and comprehensive decision-making. But the disadvantage is that the system or system is easy to model, which leads to bureaucracy and affects the efficiency of governance. 3. The basic characteristics of French political system are different from those of the United States, Britain and other western countries. The regime models of France and the United States are semi-presidential and have the characteristics of both presidential and parliamentary systems. Its main features are: 1. Presidential candidates are recommended by political parties or coalitions of political parties and are directly elected by the whole people. Their term of office has been shortened from the original seven years to five years, which is in sync with the term of office of the parliament and the government. As the head of state, the president is not as powerful as the president of the United States, but far more powerful than the president or king of a cabinet country. He is in charge of the foreign and national defense power of the United States in this country, decides all major policies, including economic and social affairs, actually grasps the highest administrative power of the country (but he is not the chief executive, nor is he specifically responsible for economic and social affairs), presides over cabinet meetings, enjoys the right to appoint government officials, has the right to dissolve the parliament, announce early elections, and can exercise special powers stipulated in Article 16 of the Constitution. 2. The government consists of political parties that have won a majority of seats in the House of Commons (the National Assembly). The Prime Minister is also appointed by the President. The main responsibility of the United States is to manage the economy and internal affairs. It is also responsible to the President and Congress, which can question and impeach the government. 3. The French president and parliament generally adopt the two-round voting system (if the president wins more than 50% of the votes in the first round, there is no need to hold a second vote). Both the president and members of parliament are candidates who won a relative majority in the second round of voting. If the president and the majority party in parliament are not the same party, they will be ruled by the left and right parties, but the ruling party in the government is generally considered to be the ruling party. In the past 20 years, this kind of rule has appeared several times in France. The advantage of this political model is that power is relatively dispersed and it is not easy to lead to autocracy and dictatorship. The president has certain real power, which is conducive to political stability. Its disadvantage is that the decentralization of administrative power weakens the American authority of the government, which is not conducive to national management. In addition, the rule of the left and the right leads to the struggle for power and interests between political parties.
5. US Supreme Court and British Supreme Court
Australia was once a British colony in history, so in order to show this historical origin at independence, the Constitution stipulates that the king of England is still the supreme ruler of the country. But as we all know, the king of England is a constitutional monarch, so he or she has no actual sovereignty over Australia.
So to be precise, it should be any political and administrative appointment in Australia. According to the procedure, it must be approved by the king of England. However, this is only a ritual and a nominal requirement. What is really certain is that Australian nationals vote in national elections.
There is also such a constitutional design, and the final decision of Australian law can be attributed to the British Supreme Court. It seems that the sinner who was sentenced to death finally applied to the king of England for forgiveness.
6. the Supreme People's Court
The difference is that Britain has an upper house and a lower house, while Spain has a parliamentary system.
The political framework of Britain and America is parliamentary democracy under constitutional monarchy. Among them, the monarch is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and he is responsible to the parliament. Legislative power belongs to the two houses of Parliament: the House of Lords and the House of Commons, as well as the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Parliament and the Northern Ireland Parliament. Judicial power is independent of executive power and legislative power, and the Supreme Court is the highest court in England.
The political systems of Spain and the United States are parliamentary monarchies. The ruling monarch is the official head of the country, and the prime minister is the head of government. The Spanish government exercises executive power and consists of the ruling Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister has the power to appoint and dismiss cabinet ministers. There is also a Council of State as an advisory body, which provides non-binding opinions to the Spanish government.
7. British courts at all levels
Not a position, but a title. There are five levels of titles in Europe: Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount and Baron.
Generally only the closest relatives of the royal family (such as the brother of the king of England, the husband of the king of England, etc.). ).) can be awarded the title of duke. When the duke was alive, his eldest son was made a marquis, and so on. Ordinary people can't make such a title. Almost every year on New Year's Eve, the British royal family will announce the list of people who have won the annual knighthood or medal from the king or queen of England. British chivalry originated in the middle of14th century. The Guardian Medal, founded in 1350, is still the oldest and highest rank in Britain. British honours can be divided into three categories: one is royalorders, which is awarded to the royal family or the highest nobility (such as Princess Anne);
The second is the noble or family medal, which is awarded to ordinary nobles (Cain's hereditary nobility), and the third is the meritorious medal, which is awarded to people who have made great contributions (British Prime Minister, Baroness Thatcher). The titles of royalty and nobility are divided into five categories. Their names and relative female titles are as follows: Duke (Duchess), Marquis (Marquise), Earl (Countess), Viscount (Viscount) and Baroness (Baroness). But under the baron, there is a subordinate baron, which is the lowest hereditary title.
English learning accumulates over time. Britain is a common law country. After the modern bourgeois revolution, the British bourgeoisie gradually adjusted the feudal judicial system to meet the needs of the development of capitalism, and on this basis, the current judicial system was formed. It has a unique historical tradition.
As early as the Anglo-Saxon period, the meeting of Homo sapiens composed of big noble and great monks had the function of judicial organs. During the Norman Dynasty, Britain established a monarchy, set up a command committee with great authority, applied its case law as common law throughout the country, and set up courts with judges appointed by the king throughout the country to replace the original local courts. Since then, a judicial system based on case law has begun to take shape. 1 15 After the promulgation of the Magna Carta, the highest judicial organ became independent from the Council of Ministers, and gradually formed a complex judicial organization system composed of the application court, the throne court, the property court and the equity court, and a feudal judicial system applicable to the common law. /kloc-after the bourgeois revolution in the 0/7th century, the judicial system and legal form were not greatly reformed, but the feudal judicial system was gradually adjusted to meet the needs of capitalist development. /kloc-after the judicial reform at the end of 0/9, the judicial organization was initially simplified, and the equity court was no longer self-contained, and the ordinary courts applied equity equally. 197 1 promulgated the "court law" to reform the court organization system again. However, the judicial system in Britain and America still retains many traces of feudalism. Britain has no independent judicial system. In addition to the complicated court system and litigation procedures, many feudal precedents still have legal effect. The judiciary is not only the country, but also the highest judicial official in the United States. It is the speaker of the House of Lords and a member of the cabinet. It has three major functions: legislation, justice and administration. There is no Supreme Court, but the House of Lords functions as the highest court of appeal.
According to the court law of 197 1, the courts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are mainly divided into three organizational systems: civil courts, criminal courts and specialized courts. The civil court system includes county court, high court, civil appeal court and house of lords; The criminal court system consists of the Magistrate's Court, the Royal Criminal Court, the Criminal Appeal Court and the House of Lords. The specialized court system mainly includes military courts, juvenile courts, labor relations courts and administrative courts. Scotland has its own unique court organization system: county courts only have jurisdiction over civil cases, and county magistrate courts also have jurisdiction over civil cases and criminal cases. The High Court of Scotland is the highest judicial authority in civil and criminal cases in Scotland, but civil cases can be appealed to the House of Lords. Scotland also has a special land court. In addition, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom is the highest court of appeal of the courts of some Commonwealth member countries, colonies, protectorates and trusteeship countries, and accepts appeals from local courts. Administrative litigation is under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and general legal rules apply. After the Second World War, administrative tribunals developed rapidly, but generally speaking, they have no final jurisdiction, and the parties who refuse to accept the court's ruling have the right to appeal to ordinary courts.
Judges are appointed. Judges, members of the House of Lords and judges of the Court of Appeal are recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the King of England. Without the British Ministry of Justice, the Chief Justice has the power to appoint and remove judicial personnel. A judge must be a "lawyer" of a lawyer's law association and have a certain number of years of judicial practice. Once a judge is appointed, he can't be dismissed without his consent. Supreme court judges are lifelong. Sheriff can. They won't retire until they are 72. Judges are well paid and well paid.
The procuratorial system in Britain and the United States is not as large in scale and wide in authority as that in civil law countries. The Attorney-General and the Deputy Attorney-General are the legal advisers of the King of England, and have the right to answer questions from Parliament and Cabinet on legal issues, preside over the prosecution of important cases and attend the trial of cases involving the rights of the King of England.
Litigation procedure Civil litigation is divided into summary procedure and trial procedure. Most civil cases are decided by summary procedure rather than trial, and the trial procedure is very complicated. Most judgments are executed by administrative organs, including compulsory return, seizure of movable or immovable property, securities and other income, withholding of part of wages and bankruptcy liquidation. Criminal procedure is divided into summary procedure and prosecution procedure. Summary crime is
Judicial review system The high court reviews the administrative acts, decrees and decisions of lower courts, but does not review the legislation of parliament. At first, it mainly investigated the actions of local administrative organs and the judgments of lower courts and tribunals, and then gradually began to investigate some administrative actions of central departments.
The jury system originated from the Norman dynasty and was preserved after the bourgeois revolution. Initially applicable to all criminal and civil cases. After 1873, the jury system is no longer used in most civil cases. 1933 canceled the original division of grand jury and small jury. 1939, the number of jurors decreased from 12 to 6 (except treason). Jurors must have certain property qualifications.
Lawyer system British lawyers are divided into trial lawyers and defense lawyers. Lawyers appear in court to hear the case summary, defend in criminal courts, high courts or appeal courts, and do not have direct contact with the parties. A barrister may apply for Queen's counsel and enjoy various privileges. Lawyers are mainly responsible for the general legal business of the parties, such as property transfer, making wills, signing contracts, providing legal advice and drafting legal documents. You can also defend in the local court. In most cases, it is responsible for contacting litigants and acting as an intermediary for lawyers in court.
I hope my answer can help you.
8. British High Court and Supreme Court
The British Parliament consists of the upper house (House of Lords), the lower house (House of Commons) and the monarch, and exercises the highest legislative power of the country.
Most members of the House of Lords are elected by appointment. On the contrary, the House of Commons is democratically elected. The House of Lords and the House of Commons are located in different rooms of Westminster Palace (Parliament Building) in Greater London.
The origin of England can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon period.