[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to Spring Festival travel rush craze
"Spring Festival travel rush" is called the largest and most periodic migration in human history. In about 40 days, the floating population will exceed 2 billion, accounting for 1/3 of the world population.
"Spring Festival travel rush": Transportation during the Spring Festival, referred to as Spring Festival travel rush. This is a unique transportation period in China.
Taking Spring Festival travel rush as the boundary, the national transportation peak, which is 15 days before the festival, 25 days after the festival and * * 40 days after the festival, is uniformly released by the State Economic and Trade Commission (the starting and ending time changes slightly every year) and specially arranged by the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Communications and the Civil Aviation Administration (note: the Ministry of Communications and the Civil Aviation Administration merged into the Ministry of Transport in 2008), is called Spring Festival travel rush Peak.
During the period of Spring Festival travel rush, the Ministry of Railways implemented special operation charts and added a large number of temporary passenger cars. According to the survey, Spring Festival travel rush peak has been recorded by the Ministry of Railways since 1954, but the passenger flow is far from the present, with an average daily passenger flow of 730,000 and a peak passenger flow of 900,000, which lasts for 15 days before and after the Spring Festival. After 80s, a large number of migrant workers went out, and Spring Festival travel rush craze became a social hotspot. Every year in Spring Festival travel rush, railway transportation is the top priority. The Ministry of Railways adopts three sets of capacity schemes: basic scheme, preparatory scheme and emergency scheme to deal with normal passenger flow, peak passenger flow and sudden passenger flow respectively.
[Edit this paragraph] The cause of the craze in Spring Festival travel rush.
During the Spring Festival travel rush Peak and Spring Festival travel rush, the crowded people mainly came from the traditional ideas of China people and the large flow of social manpower. In China, the Spring Festival is the most important festival and the beginning of the year. No matter how far away from home, most people should try to reunite with their families on New Year's Eve to celebrate the Spring Festival. Since the reform and opening-up, the government of China has started to encourage individual businesses, and the restrictions on the flow of people have also begun to relax. Therefore, a large number of people are employed from economically underdeveloped areas to economically developed areas, resulting in a large number of human flows. These people who left home for employment in other places concentrated on returning home for the Spring Festival before and after the Spring Festival, and became the main transport group in the Spring Festival travel rush craze. In addition, this period is the winter vacation of colleges and universities. Most schools begin to have a holiday two to three weeks before the Spring Festival and start school around the 15th of the first month. Therefore, the return of students studying in other places also constitutes another big traffic group in Spring Festival travel rush's upsurge. At the same time, the Spring Festival is also one of several long holidays in a year, and some people will choose to travel in the middle of the Spring Festival. Although the peak time for transporting tourists is different from that in Spring Festival travel rush, it also increases the pressure on the transportation system. Another reason for the peak in Spring Festival travel rush is that the built intercity transportation network can't fully meet the traffic demand. To this end, the China Municipal Government has also formulated plans such as "medium and long-term railway network planning" to alleviate the problem of insufficient transportation capacity. Some scholars believe that the deep-seated reason for this phenomenon is that China's economic development is extremely unbalanced and the distribution of educational resources is too concentrated. Related to this are the gap between the east and the west, the gap between urban and rural areas and the surplus labor force, and the problem of migrant workers.
[Edit this paragraph] Spring Festival travel rush craze is a characteristic of China.
The first reason: geography determines the differences between East and West.
The urbanization in Europe is relatively unified, the cities are scattered all over the country, and the economic development is relatively balanced, because the European continent is generally suitable for human habitation, and there is little difference in climate and natural conditions. Two-thirds of the territory of China is uninhabitable plateau, high mountain, inland grassland and desert, and the population is inevitably concentrated in the eastern and central regions.
The second reason: the manufacturing stage needs population concentration.
Traditional industries, especially manufacturing, have objective requirements for concentration. The higher the concentration, the better the benefit. At the same time, the more concentrated the industry, the lower the sharing cost of industrial pollution and domestic pollution. In addition, China's industry will occupy a large proportion of labor-intensive export processing industry in a period of time, which requires the factory to be located near the coastal port. Another strange factor is that it is a difficult long March for enterprises to leave the coast and take a step inland. Enterprises are concentrated, and the pressure on enterprises to eat and get cards on average will be less.
The third reason: the demographic dividend has aggravated the above imbalance.
The popular explanation of the so-called demographic dividend is that in a certain period of time, young people in a country work more and old people don't work less. After the birth peak after the founding of the People's Republic of China, coupled with the background that a considerable part of rural surplus productive forces were liberated by reform and opening up, a large number of young rural adults flooded into cities, making the scale of migrant workers' "migration" suddenly huge.
The fourth is the root of the system: government omnipotence and inter-county competition.
Zhang Wuchang believes that the so-called economic miracle in China in the past can be completely explained by the "inter-county competition system". On the one hand, the government has effectively injected more financial and policy resources into the central cities, and the rural areas are naturally more and more depressed; At the same time, "not only at the county level, governments at all levels in China are competing across regions" (in Zhang). The dynamic dual structure of urban and rural areas will eventually bring about the swing of population.
[Edit this paragraph] The situation of Spring Festival travel rush Peak
During Spring Festival travel rush, there was a lot of traffic. In the past ten years, Spring Festival travel rush's annual passenger flow has exceeded the total population of the mainland, reaching more than one billion. The peak in Spring Festival travel rush usually occurs before 15 and about 25 days after the Spring Festival, so the peak in Spring Festival travel rush lasts about 40 days every year. Generally speaking, Spring Festival travel rush refers to the intercity traffic in Chinese mainland, excluding the traffic between Chinese mainland and Hong Kong and Macao and international traffic. The colloquial word "Spring Festival travel rush Peak" has two meanings, one is the traffic phenomenon around the Spring Festival, and the other is the abbreviation of "Spring Festival travel rush Peak". Spring Festival travel rush is so big that the traffic in Chinese mainland is overwhelmed. In order to solve the problem of Spring Festival travel rush Peak, the China Municipal Government has to make arrangements in advance every year, but it still cannot meet the requirements of Spring Festival travel rush Peak. During the period of Spring Festival travel rush, the Ministry of Railways implemented special operation charts and added a large number of temporary passenger cars. In the upsurge of Spring Festival travel rush, railway transportation is the top priority. The Ministry of Railways adopts three sets of capacity schemes: basic scheme, preparatory scheme and emergency scheme to deal with normal passenger flow, peak passenger flow and sudden passenger flow respectively. In 2009, Spring Festival travel rush Peak Railway will run for 40 days from June 65438+1 October1day to February 19, 2009. It is predicted that there will be a serious superposition of pre-holiday student flow, returning home from work flow and visiting relatives flow in Spring Festival travel rush in 2009. After the holiday, migrant workers may travel ahead of time, but the flow direction is uncertain, and the student flow will be delayed until the later period of Spring Festival travel rush due to the late start of school.
[Edit this paragraph] Traffic characteristics
The pressure of inter-city traffic has increased sharply, and there has been no obvious change between urban traffic and international traffic. Traffic pressure is mainly concentrated in land traffic; Aviation also has some pressure, but due to price and safety constraints, the pressure growth is limited; Due to accessibility and safety, the pressure growth of river transportation and sea transportation is extremely limited. The traffic pressure in Spring Festival travel rush has obvious timeliness and directionality. Generally, before the Spring Festival, the pressure is mainly concentrated on the routes from more developed areas to less developed areas, and from surrounding cities to tourist attractions. The peak in Spring Festival travel rush is less stressful on New Year's Eve, the first day of the first month and the second day of the first month. After the Spring Festival, the transportation pressure shifted to the routes from underdeveloped areas to developed areas and from tourist attractions to surrounding cities.
[Edit this paragraph] The transportation pressure during the peak period in Spring Festival travel rush.
During the period of Spring Festival travel rush, transportation pressure was great, and delays occurred from time to time. According to the general procedure, passengers need to be informed of aircraft delays, and corresponding solutions and even compensation should be given. However, in Spring Festival travel rush in 2005 and before, there was no corresponding regulation on trains. Starting from Spring Festival travel rush in 2006, according to the provisions of the Notice of Passenger Train Delay issued by People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Railways in September 2005, it is required that the train be delayed for more than half an hour, and both the station and the train should inform the passengers of the reasons and conditions for the delay and apologize to the passengers at the same time.
Spring Festival travel rush has a high population density during the peak period, and there are many crimes such as theft, robbery and fraud. For the articles carried by passengers, the inspection is often stricter than usual, and it is strictly forbidden to carry inflammable and explosive dangerous goods on board. In terms of transportation safety, it is generally believed that railway transportation is a safer way, but many trains are overloaded. In terms of highway transportation, many passenger transport enterprises often take Dora to run fast and work long hours in order to earn more money in the peak hours of Spring Festival travel rush, so drivers are often in a state of fatigue at work and are prone to traffic accidents. In addition, some cars overload passengers, causing traffic hazards. Therefore, in recent years, the government has also begun to focus on the problem of fatigue driving and overload during Spring Festival travel rush. In order to prevent air crashes, the China government banned red-eye flights during their stay in Spring Festival travel rush. The transportation pressure in Spring Festival travel rush peak is different before and after the Spring Festival. Before the Spring Festival, there are more areas for manpower input, and after the Spring Festival, there are more areas for manpower output. More stressful areas also include more important transportation hubs. Generally, the pre-holiday pressure is concentrated in Guangdong, Beijing and Shanghai on the eastern coast, and the post-holiday pressure is concentrated in Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanchang and Fuyang in the inland and west. Among them, the railway stations with obvious public security problems include Beijing Railway Station, Guangzhou Railway Station, Shanghai Railway Station and Hankou Railway Station.
[Edit this paragraph] Spring Festival travel rush grabs tickets.
Fare fluctuation
During Spring Festival travel rush, the prices of plane, bus and train tickets rose almost comprehensively. Some people think that Spring Festival travel rush's ticket price increase is due to a period of short supply, which is in line with market rules and understandable. Opponents believe that the increase in air tickets and train fares is related to industry monopoly. Especially for railways, most lines are operated by only one enterprise, and there is no price reduction in the off-season, which shows that train tickets do not change according to market changes at all, so the price increase during Spring Festival travel rush should be regarded as a monopolistic behavior. Many people also think that the rising of railway and highway fares during the Spring Festival travel rush boom has a greater impact on people with lower incomes, because they can hardly choose to fly, and they can't go home during the Spring Festival year after year, which may cause some other social problems. However, in 2007, the Ministry of Railways announced that train fares would no longer rise, which immediately aroused widespread concern in society.
Breeding of yellow cattle
"scalper" is the common name of ticket scalpers, that is, people who sell tickets at higher prices and profit from them. These groups of people are called scalpers. Cattle generally get a large number of tickets at one time through special social relations or by hiring a large number of people to queue up by phone, and hoard them for sale at high prices, which aggravates the contradiction between supply and demand in Spring Festival travel rush. In addition to scalpers selling real tickets, there are also criminals selling fake tickets. They often make and sell fake tickets by altering expired tickets and homemade tickets. People who buy fake tickets are often found by ticket inspectors when checking tickets, which affects the itinerary and causes losses. Many fake tickets can be found by ordinary people after careful inspection. With the behavior of scalpers becoming more and more serious in recent years, the China municipal government has noticed this behavior and explicitly cracked down on it. However, due to the difficulty in actual operation and the rumors of collusion between law enforcement officers and scalpers, the behavior of scalpers has not been effectively curbed.
Ticket purchase method
During the period of Spring Festival travel rush, the usual way of purchasing tickets was continued, but the way of railway booking changed greatly. In most areas, advance booking is adopted, but the specific scheme varies from place to place. The railway department adopts the way of pre-selling student tickets on campus for colleges and universities, and collective booking for factories and companies with concentrated labor force. Others generally book tickets by telephone or online, and only a small number of tickets are reserved at the ticket window of the railway station. The restriction on the future boarding date of air tickets that can be booked during Spring Festival travel rush is also longer than usual. For example, in the Pearl River Delta region, train tickets are booked within ten days, not four days. Although telephone booking can avoid the pain of queuing, the lines enabled by the booking telephone are far from meeting the booking requirements. For example, in Spring Festival travel rush in 2005, the number of passengers booked in Shenzhen exceeded 2 million per hour, while in Guangzhou, it reached 1 9910000 in Spring Festival travel rush in February. From June 65438+1October 65438+to February 7, 2005, 465,000 train tickets were successfully booked in Shenzhen, with an average daily telephone booking of 3 1 10,000, and 82% of the passengers obtained train tickets by telephone booking. That is to say, only from the figures, all the train tickets that can be booked by telephone departing from Shenzhen within 23 days during the Spring Festival travel rush rush hour are fully booked in less than 14 minutes during the rush hour. Spring Festival travel rush has also adopted centralized ticket sales at designated places to grab tickets, but this has caused great trouble to the traffic and safety nearby, which can't meet the demand for booking tickets. Therefore, at present, there are fewer and fewer places that use this way of selling tickets.
Spring Festival travel rush peak and the key areas before the Spring Festival are usually Beijing and Guangzhou;
The key areas after the holiday are generally Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanchang, Hefei, Fuyang and other places.
The main trunk lines of Spring Festival travel rush Peak include: Beijing-Guangzhou Line, Beijing-Kowloon Line, Beijing-Shanghai Line, Jingha Line, Longhai Line, Lanxin Line, Shanghai-Hangzhou Line, Zhejiang-Jiangxi Line, Liujiao Line, Xiangyu Line, Baocheng Line, Xiang Qian Line, Guizhou-Guangxi Line and Sichuan-Guizhou Line.
[Edit this paragraph] Railway Spring Festival travel rush Rushing Raiders
In order to achieve the goal of "ensuring safety, meeting key points, being stable and orderly, and providing good service", the overall strategy of the national railway in Spring Festival travel rush is "customer-oriented, both passenger and freight win-win; South passenger and north goods, South Locomotive and North Transfer; Overall arrangement, the key points must be guaranteed; Stop properly and prepare for emergency; Vehicles tap the potential, short stop and long stay; There is a flow, no flow stops. "
[Edit this paragraph] memorabilia of railway Spring Festival travel rush snapping up price increases
Since the early 1990s, the former State Planning Commission and other departments have carried out a series of partial reforms on railway fares. During the period of Spring Festival travel rush 1993, the floating fare increase will be implemented for passengers entering and leaving Guangdong Province by train.
During Spring Festival travel rush in 2000, the fares of some railway trains increased. In the past, the peak passenger flow in front of Spring Festival travel rush mostly appeared in the first 9 to 3 days of Spring Festival travel rush. After the fare increase, the peak passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush was three days earlier and three days later.
In 200 1 year, it is estimated that the number of passengers sent by Spring Festival travel rush Railway will reach1340,000. Before Spring Festival travel rush, the Ministry of Railways officially decided to implement a fare floating scheme for some trains and periods with tight capacity.
On June 8, 2006, Qiao Zhanxiang, a lawyer of Hebei Sanhe Times Law Firm, applied to the Ministry of Railways for administrative reconsideration, questioning the administrative behavior of the Ministry of Railways in implementing the fare increase of some passenger trains during Spring Festival travel rush in 2006. The lawsuit ended in Qiao Zhanxiang losing the case.
On June 65438+1October 65438+February 2002, the first railway price hearing in the history of China was held in Beijing. Thirty-three delegates reviewed the proposal put forward by the Ministry of Railways, and most delegates agreed in principle to implement government-guided prices for some passenger trains.
On June 27th, 2002, 65438, the former State Planning Commission issued the Notice of the State Planning Commission on Promulgating the Implementation Plan of Government-guided Prices for Some Passenger Trains, which authorized the Ministry of Railways to raise the fares within a certain range, but it did not exclude the two legal obligations of the Ministry of Railways to report to the State Council for approval and apply for a hearing.
During the period of Spring Festival travel rush in 2003, the railway fares rose sharply, among which the hard seat fares rose by 15% and the berth tickets rose by 20%. There was no hearing on the price increase of Spring Festival travel rush Railway this time, which attracted many voices of doubt in the society. The Ministry of Railways explained that this is because "the conclusions reached by holding the hearing can be applied for a long time in similar situations".
During Spring Festival travel rush in 2004 and 2005, the increase of railway fares was the same as that in 2003. There was no hearing before the price increase.
At the National "Two Sessions" in 2005, Wang Xiang, a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, submitted a proposal to cancel the illegal fare increase of railway Spring Festival travel rush, pointing out that the fare increase of railway Spring Festival travel rush is double illegal: it violates the Price Law and the Consumer Protection Law. The railway department wants to regulate the passenger flow, but the passenger flow has not decreased because of the price increase.
After the end of Spring Festival travel rush in 2006, according to the statistics of Spring Festival travel rush Railway Rushing Office of the Ministry of Railways, the number of passengers transported by Spring Festival travel rush Railway that year was 65.438+0.49 billion, a record high. The hope of the Ministry of Railways to ease the peak pressure of passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush by raising prices has not been realized.
At the National "Two Sessions" in 2006, Ji Jishan, a deputy to the National People's Congress, said: The craze in Spring Festival travel rush is rising year by year, and the thunder cannot stop it. Spring Festival travel rush has been raising prices for six years. Why is there no restriction on passenger flow? At the initial hearing, the railway department put forward the theory of "restricting passenger diversion" and "cutting peaks and pinggu", which is inevitably linked to monopoly.
On June 65438+ 10/0, 2007, Wang Yongping, spokesman of China Ministry of Railways, announced that since 2007, the floating system of railway fares will no longer be implemented in Spring Festival travel rush.