In the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), Zuo from Dali Temple entered Youdu as an imperial envoy and prime minister of the river, and began his career of managing the Yellow River.
In the forty-five years of Jiajing (1566), he successfully took over the old river in the city, and added the right deputy to the empire to find Ding You.
Qin Long four years (1570), Pizhou, Suining for the river, for the old officer, then the chief river, burst.
In Qin Long for five years (157 1), it was reported that the river course had been completed, and there was no accident when the transport ship was found floating. However, it was completely disintegrated by river survey.
In the summer of Wanli four years (1576), he became an official again and was the governor of Jiangxi.
Wanli five years (1577), called assistant minister of right punishments.
In the summer of the sixth year of Wanli (1578), He Cao, the prime minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, was the right capital. In September of the following year, the two rivers were completed, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River were peaceful for several years.
In the spring of the eighth year of Wanli (1580), he joined Prince Taibao and became a minister in the Ministry of Industry. In September, Ministry of War Shangshu moved to Nanjing.
In the 11th year of Wanli (1583), in the first month, the minister of punishments was changed.
Zhang was robbed behind him, his eldest son hanged himself, and the whole family starved to death. Pan Jixun couldn't stand it any longer. Ming Shenzong said, "It's too urgent to govern the prison." "As for the dying mother, all the helpless orphans, all the people in the street are very sympathetic." Zongshen was very unhappy after reading it. However, Li Zhi, Jiang Dongzhi and others attacked Yang, the minister of the Cabinet and the official department, and Pan Jixun helped, so Li Zhi illegally took refuge in Zhang on the grounds of the party and resigned for the people.
In the 13th year of Wanli (1585), Dong Li and Dong Zixing called Pan Jixun "light crime and heavy responsibility" respectively, and both of them were punished by Zongshen. Pan Jixun has been recommended many times since then.
In the sixteenth year of Wanli (1588), the Yellow River suffered a great disaster. In order to recommend Mei Guolou and others in the event, he was reinstated as the river chief.
In the winter of the 19th year of Wanli (159 1), Jia Taizi Taibao, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, was in Shi Yu.
Wanli twenty years (1592), resigned due to illness.
In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), Pan Jixun died on April 12th (May 20th) at the age of 75.
Main achievements of Yellow River regulation
Pan Jixun was a famous expert in river regulation at the end of Ming Dynasty, and also one of the influential figures in river regulation in Ming Dynasty. From the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565) to the twentieth year of Wanli (1592), Pan Jixun presided over the river regulation work four times. The first time began in November of Jiajing forty-four. He Dao and Shang Shu, the prime minister of Douchayuan, were in charge of river management. It lasted nearly a year, and in the second year 1 1 month, he returned home because of his mother's funeral. The second time began in August of the fourth year of Qin Long (1570), and he served as the right deputy governor of Douchayuan, the prime minister of riverway and the military affairs minister. Qin Long was impeached and deposed in December of five years because he was "floating on a new boat". The third time began in February of Wanli six years (1578). This time, with Zhang's support, the Yellow River was managed on a large scale with the title of right censor of Douchayuan, assistant minister of right Ministry of Industry, prime minister and prefect of military affairs. In the autumn of the eighth year of Wanli (1580), he was promoted to be the minister of war in Nanjing. The fourth time started in April of the 16th year of Wanli (1588), and later begged for leave because of old age and illness. Generally speaking, Pan Jixun managed the river four times, which lasted for nearly ten years, and it was the longest tenure of the minister of river management in Ming Dynasty. Especially in the last two times, the river management right was completely owned by Pan Jixun, and the court granted special permission to "act cheaply" and achieved remarkable results.
Pan Jixun worked tirelessly in river regulation four times in his life, from Henan to Nanzhili, and went deep into the construction site many times. "The car travels a thousand miles" and "The sun and the servant are in the river, soaked in wind and rain, wrapped in wind and dew" (Wang Xijue's "Pan Lingyuan") are of great significance to Huang, Huai and Wei. Under this principle, he also put forward the strategy of "harnessing the river with water and attacking the sand with water" according to the characteristics of large sediment concentration in the Yellow River. He said in "Debate on the River": "Liu Huang is the most turbid, and the sand ranks sixth. When it comes to autumn, water ranks second. Two liters of water and eight barrels of sand are bound to lag. " "Water is slow, sand is slow, sand is slow, the river is full, and both water and water have sand surfaces, so it is high. The hydration is fierce and the momentum is fierce, and the sand brush is deeper than the river. The water that seeks water has a river bottom, which is humble. Damming water and attacking sand with water. If the water on both sides does not overflow, brush it directly at the bottom of the river. Some reason is an inevitable trend, and the reason why this combination is more and more divided. "
Pan Jixun attaches great importance to the function of dikes in order to control water and attack sand. He compared dikes to frontier defense, stressing that "defending the enemy is called frontier defense, and guarding the river is called dike. Border guards to prevent the enemy from entering; Dike, waterproof. If you want water to get out of the dike, you still want the enemy to get in and forget to prepare it. " He summed up the experience of dike repair at that time, and creatively divided the dike repair work into four types: remote dike, connected dike, lattice dike and moon dike, which were carefully arranged on both sides of the river according to local conditions and used together. He paid special attention to the construction quality of dike engineering, put forward the principles of dike restoration, such as "real soil is not quicksand, thickness is not stingy with living expenses" and "exploring dike by dike", and stipulated many effective dike restoration measures and quality inspection methods, which achieved good results.
Pan Jixun advocated confluence, but in order to prevent catastrophic floods, he did not object to planned flood diversion under certain conditions. For example, he clearly pointed out in "Two Rivers": "The Yellow River is turbid and inseparable. But between autumn and autumn, the lewd period is still there, and it is bound to skyrocket. The two banks are fixed with dikes, and the water cannot be discharged. It is inevitable that it will collapse. "
On the basis of controlling water and attacking sand, Pan Jixun put forward the idea of "storing clear water and brushing yellow water" in Huihuai section. He believes: "Qingkou is the only way where Huanghuai meets. A little resistance is useless." But to make it profitable, we must let all the water in the Huaihe River come out, so as to fight against the Yellow River instead of the sand mat. Occasionally, the yellow water rises first, the Huai water is still weak, and the river and sand go against the current, which inevitably leads to shallow resistance. But if Huang retreats to Huaishang, it will be as deep as ever and harmless. "Under the guidance of this idea, according to the characteristics of" the Huaihe River is turbid, but the Huaihe River is weak ",on the one hand, he advocated building a noble dike to prevent the yellow water from entering Hongze Lake in the south, and building a Liu Pu Bay dike from Qingpu to the east to prevent the yellow water from invading the south; On the other hand, it is advocated to build a high weir, store the whole water of Huaihe River in Hongze Lake, raise the water level, make the Huaihe River clear, and prevent the Yellow River from pouring into the lake. Pan Jixun believes that after taking these measures, "if Huanghuai is completely integrated, it will be strong and expert, the sludge will go away, the sea will be opened without dredging, and the river will be deep without mining." The so-called dike consolidation means guiding the river, and the river will dredge the sea. "
Pan Jixun is not only the initiator of the strategy of "attacking sand with water", but also a powerful practitioner of this strategy. In the seventh year of Wanli (1579), during the third river regulation, we adhered to the governance principle of "blocking the main river, building dikes to break it, re-building dams to prevent external rivers, building dams to break it, stopping dredging the sea to save money and opening the old Yellow River", and "building dikes for more than 60 miles, but gathering dikes for more than 40 years". The dikes of Xu, Pei, Feng and Dang are as long as 140 Li. Four water-reducing stone dams were built in Cuizhen, Xusheng, Ji Tai and Sanyi, and the sluice gates were moved to the south of Ganluo. The dams between huaiyang are all built. After this treatment, "the high weir was first built, the mouth was clear, and it lingered for several years, and the river was not in great trouble", and gratifying results were achieved. In the 16th year of Wanli (1588), after Pan Jixun harnessed the river for four times, most of the dikes built last time had been "degraded by the ravages of chariots and horses and the erosion of wind and rain", which reduced the role of flood control. However, in Nanzhili, Shandong, Henan and other places, dikes and dams were generally renovated and strengthened. According to Pan Jixun's "Success of Embankments in Baogong Three Provinces", only in Xuzhou, Lingbi, Suining and other 12 counties, there are remote dikes, thunder dikes, lattice dikes, Taihang dikes and earth dams. Built with the help of others, it is * * *130,000 meters long. In Yingze, Wu Yuan, Zhongmou and other counties 16, Yaoyue, Luge and Gege dikes and new and old dikes140,000 feet were built, which further consolidated the Yellow River dikes and played a certain role in river regulation.
Pan Jixun has made remarkable achievements in river regulation four times, especially the theory of controlling water and attacking sand, which has a far-reaching influence on river regulation after the Ming Dynasty. Many water conservancy history researchers and water conservancy workers spoke highly of Pan Jixun's contribution and admired him very much. Huang Chen, an expert in river management during the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, pointed out: "Pan Yinchuan's theory that water is bound by dikes and sand is brushed by water is really natural. At first, this is not a subtle theory, so those who talk about this river later must regard it as a golden rule. " When talking about Pan Jixun's harnessing the river, modern water conservancy experts said: "Since Huanghuai is an organic whole, the only way to harness the river is to build dikes and dams, and its attack is of great help to Pan's training. Pan Shiyi's dike management not only uses it to prevent flood, but also uses it to attack sand. It is deeply aware of the principles of governance and guidance. " Although these comments contain many praises, we can see from them that Pan Jixun had a great influence on the water conservancy industry in China in the 300 years after his death.
It should be said that Pan Jixun was able to put forward the theory of controlling water and sand and put it into practice, which was a pioneering work beyond the predecessors. After he regulated the river for the third time, it overflowed at the end of more than ten years, and the water flow was smooth. At that time, many people admitted it. As usual, Ju Jing once said in "Qin Feng Yu Charlie's Yellow River Sparse": "In recent years, the water has returned to a low point, the river surface has gradually deepened, and the water has not filled the dam or washed it. This is the benefit of the river. " Pan Jixun built three governors' dikes during the four times of river regulation, and all the dikes on both sides of the Yellow River were connected and consolidated. The Yellow River channel was basically stable, which reversed the chaotic situation of "east and west alternating and no direction" during Jiajing and Qin Long years. These achievements are not achieved by his contemporaries and should be fully affirmed.
However, we should also see that Pan Jixun's harnessing of the river is limited to the lower reaches of the Yellow River below Henan, but the middle reaches of the sediment source have not been harnessed. A steady stream of sediment can not be transported into the sea only by the attack of water on sediment, and some sediment will inevitably be deposited in the downstream river. After Pan Jixun harnessed the river, local breaches and diversions continued to occur, and the effect of storing Huai River and brushing Yellow River was not satisfactory. Because the Yellow River is strong and the Huaihe River is weak, the flooded area of the Huaihe River basin has been expanded after the Huaihe River was impounded, threatening the safety of Sizhou and Ming Zuling. Therefore, due to the limitation of historical conditions, the control measures taken by Pan Jixun could not fundamentally solve the flood problem of the Yellow River at that time.
Three hundred years after Pan Jixun's harnessing the river, some western water conservancy experts with modern scientific knowledge happily put forward the plan of "adopting double dike system, building deceleration dike along the river bank and diverting sediment from the Yellow River to raise dike", and wrote a paper, which was published with great satisfaction and attracted the attention of the international water conservancy community. Soon after, they were surprised to find that it was just a copy of the theory and practice of ancient China. Professor Engels, a world-famous water conservancy expert and German, praised: "Pan Shiyi's distinction is very reasonable. The far embankment is used to prevent collapse, while the levee is used to bundle water and is a way of water control." Proud westerners began to pay deep respect to China's ancient water conservancy technology.
Evaluation of Zhang's personality: ① The results are acceptable, not temporary? I am so proud! (2) Bobby heard that Huangpu has been blocked and the dike work has been gradually completed. People from the south all said that this work was hard and expensive, and it had been ruined for several years. The merit of the public does not lie in the bottom.
Wang Shizhen: I sighed and said, "Pan Gong, what a pure minister!" ! ..... Tui Gong would rather not be rewarded by his body, than make the country play for the sake of real expenses. Isn't it also a purely anxious minister! ..... is no less than stealing. It's a lifetime's work, and its words of attacking sand with water and controlling water with water will be immortal.
Wang Shimao: The State Dynasty called the river management meritorious. Before that, there were Chen Pingjiang U, Song Shangshu Li, Xu Wugong You Zhen, Liu Shangshu Xia, and recently there was Pan Shangshu Ji Xun.
Dong Li: Between Qin Long and Cui Zhen, rivers are the main traffic routes. Over the past few years, houses have been laid and rivers have been flowing smoothly, so it is salty to say that "this Pan Shangshu is also active". The former minister knew about this river, but today it depends on it. ..... This season's training is not a gift, but to be a family tooth when you are alive.
Jade: Shao Bao (Pan) thanked him for the day he lived in seclusion. He walked away from me, but he didn't count the treasures of thousands of dollars, thinking that he would reap endless benefits. Is this reluctant? Take the first gentleman's words as an example. It is enough to treat the people in the village with drowning in mind, be generous to others and be kind to others.
Ho: According to Liu Tianhe and Pan Jixun, the Yellow River is governed by the old method, while the Caohe River is governed by the old system. ..... Between Jiajing, Dragon and Wan, four rivers are tamed and a hundred rivers are governed in one season.
Zhang Dai: I'm a powerful emperor, and I'm universal. Pay attention to rivers and canals. Since the past dynasties, Liu Daxia, Pan Jixun, Wang and other ministers in charge of river management have repeatedly served the country and made outstanding achievements, with similar interests.
Song Zhengbi: Some tools are made by Liu Zhuangxiang (ornaments), Yu Sumin (ornaments), Pan and Xu (ornaments of Xu Guangqi), and they are allowed to be state workers.
Gu Yingtai: He is like Pan Jixun. He never loses his old ways, regardless of the turbidity. Yang Yikui's opening of Wu Wharf for the first time and the dam for the second time are all good strategies.
Lin: All the great men of this generation are from Zhejiang. Economically, there are Hu Duanmin from Xiangxiang, Renhe, Xianglong from Lanxi, Yao Kui from Tonglu, Yi from Wucheng, Fan Qingjianying from Changshan, Pan Jixun from Wucheng, Jian Guangzu from Luzhuang, Pinghu, and Zhu Sima Yuan Y.
Yan Ruoqu: In the six years of Kao Wanli, Pan Sikongji successfully tamed river workers, and his performance was nearly better than that of Chen U and far better than that of Jia Lu. In fourteen years, the river washed away Fanjiakou and Tian Fei Dam. In twenty-three years, the river and Huaihe River flooded, and Pi, Si, Gao and Bao all suffered floods. In the first year of the apocalypse, the river burst its banks in Wang Gong. After Andrew Yun Pan Sikong was cured, there was no flood for 60 years! Generally speaking, Pan's routine exists, even if there are natural disasters and minor changes, the treatment is beyond his scope.
Zhang: It is difficult to make achievements. At first, everyone was suspicious and friends were excited, but later they avoided the lottery. What the minister did was corrupt. In its heyday, people (Pan Jixun, Zhu Heng, etc. ) ruled the fields of Cao Ying, which was planned by the military for a long time, and its effectiveness may be decades later. It was time to talk about it, either retiring or withdrawing from office. For a long time, I have been eating its benefits and thinking about its merits. Therefore, it is difficult to succeed in joy and start in consideration. Nobuo!
Ji Yun: Ji Xun lived between Jiajing and Wanli and was ordered to rule the river every four terms. He has worked for 27 years and made achievements.
Engels: It is very reasonable for Pan Shiyi to distinguish that the far dike is used to prevent collapse, while the continuous dike is used to control water, which is a way to control rivers.
Bai Shouyi: These theories of Pan Jixun are years of practical experience, which were obtained through research and were valuable at that time.
Pan Jixun's personal work, based on his experience in river regulation, has written masterpieces such as Broken Two Rivers, My Opinion on Two Rivers and Overview of River Prevention and Control after repeated research and inspection. , put forward many valuable theories about river management, and described the general situation of river prevention and control. Other works include the anthology of Sikong Shushu and Liu Yutang. Huang Ming's Shi Jingwen Compilation (Volume 375~ Volume 378) has four volumes of Chen Duan Dagong Record.
Historical Records records the 110th article of Ming History Volume 223 Biography.
After Pan Jixun's death, the tomb of later generations was buried in his hometown. The tomb is located in Sandun Village, Shengshan, which was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, but it is still discernible. It is surrounded by water on all sides, only a wooden bridge is connected, the tomb is sealed, and it sits east to west, which is intended to serve Yangshan ancestral grave from a distance. His grandfather Pan Gui's tomb is located in Taishiwan, Yangshan, and some stone statues, stone tomb tables and long tombs in the tomb still need to be preserved. Locals call it "Li Mao's grave". Up to now, descendants of Pan Shi often come to pay homage.
Ancestral Temple Panchen Ergong Temple
Ergong Temple, located in Qingjiang Confucian Temple in Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province, is the joint shrine of famous water conservancy officials Chen and Pan Jixun in Ming Dynasty. The temple was built in the orthodox period of the Ming Dynasty, formerly known as Gongxiang Temple. Because Pan Jixun, the river chief, was enshrined in the temple during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, it was renamed as Panchen Ergong Temple. Originally located in Qingjiang Guanghua Chemical Plant in Qingpu District, it fell into disrepair the following year. 1997 was requisitioned by Huaiyin cigarette factory due to its location, and was relocated and protected. In 2007, it was rebuilt in the historical and cultural area of Ciyun Temple, a Confucian temple in Qingjiang, and also served as the Grand Canal Hall of Fame. Now it is a municipal cultural relics protection unit in Huai 'an.