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Politics: the establishment of local self-government organs (local self-government bureaus). 1864 promulgated the decree on provincial, county and local institutions, which established autonomous conferences and their administrative organs in most parts of Russia.
Justice: Abolish the old hierarchical trial system, establish a jury system and a lawyer system, and conduct public trials.
Education: encourage running schools, expand university autonomy and allow the introduction of western language books.
Thought: Objectively, the western bourgeois ideology was further introduced into Russia, and the more Russians looked at the gap, the more they demanded reform.
Economy: (186 1 year reform increased the free labor force, expanded the domestic market and provided funds; Draw lessons from western technology; The government formulates policies to promote industrial development)
Alexander is the eldest son of Nicholas I, and since his two uncles Alexander I and Archduke Constantine have no children, the whole court has long realized that Alexander is the heir of the future crown prince, the Russian Empire. Therefore, Father Nicholas and even the whole Russian court attach great importance to the education of the future crown prince.
Alexander's teacher was zhukovsky, the most famous Russian scholar at that time. He is a scholar with a strong humanistic atmosphere. In Alexander Education, Rukovski did not strictly divide the boundaries between cultural education and moral cultivation education, but paid more attention to the ideological education of the monarch. Rukovski once bluntly pointed out that he was most worried that Alexander would regard the whole Russia as a military camp and the Russian people as a legion in the future.
Nicholas I believed that the emperor of the Russian Empire should be a standard soldier first, otherwise he could not be a qualified ruler. In the "battle of ideological education" between Nicholas I and Rukovski against Alexander, Alexander received both a good cultural and ideological education and a good military education.
Alexander has mastered four foreign languages (English, German, French and Polish) and many subjects, including mathematics, physics, geography, history, orthodox theology, political economy and law. It can be said that Alexander received the best education compared with all Russian emperors before him.
Travel
Alexander had been to Moscow, Warsaw and Berlin with his parents when he was young. After finishing his studies, Alexander, accompanied by his teacher zhukovsky, began to travel around Russia as the Crown Prince. He not only traveled to most Russian provinces in Europe, but also visited remote cold areas in the north, including Toblisk, the exile place of The Decemberists members. Everywhere, local military and political officials gave high-standard and thoughtful reception and tried their best to show Alexander the good side of social development. Although local officials tried to hide it, Alexander was exposed to some real situations at the bottom of society. This parade may be a source of vigorous reform measures after he succeeded to the throne.
From 65438 to 0838, Alexander traveled around Europe. In a year's time, he visited Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Britain and Austria, and was received by the monarchs and heads of state of all these countries. He also visited famous museums, libraries, parliaments and places where major battles took place in these countries.
The only European country that Alexander didn't go to was France. At that time, Nicholas I deliberately prevented Alexander from visiting France in order to express his dissatisfaction with King Louis Philippe of France. During his visit to Germany, Alexander chose Maria, the youngest daughter of Grand Duke Hesse-darmstadt, as his future wife.
Maria was invited to Russia in 1840 and married Maria in 184 1 year.