Speeches are classified by type: there are generally three classification criteria.
1, according to the content of the speech, it can be roughly divided into ① political speech (including campaign speech), inaugural speech (or policy address), conference debate, assembly speech, etc. 2. Education lectures, including knowledge lectures and academic reports; 3 religious speeches; (4) Economic speeches, including commercial advertising speeches, bidding introduction speeches, etc. ; ⑤ Military speeches, etc.
2. According to the purpose of the speech, it can be roughly divided into ① entertaining speech; 2 teaching speech (or academic speech); 3 persuasive speech; 4 inflammatory remarks; (5) condolence speech (or funeral speech) and so on.
3. According to the location of the speech, it can be roughly divided into: ① lobbying speech and touring speech; 2 street speech; Three court speeches; 4 court speech (or judicial speech); ⑤ class speech; 6 church speech; ⑦ Speech at the conference; 8 banquet speech; Pet-name ruby radio speech and TV speech, etc.
Speech classification by way: the types of speech ways.
There are five ways of speaking, namely, reading aloud, reciting (or speaking off the script), outlining, impromptu and debating.
Read a speech aloud
The speaker prepared the manuscript in advance and then read it word for word to the audience at the meeting. Its advantage is that the speaker can carefully consider and scrutinize the content in advance, so that the written speech is rigorous in structure and proper in words. So it is more suitable for more important scenes. For example, the government work report of the National People's Congress, the statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the welcome speech to the distinguished guests and so on. Its disadvantage is that the speaker looks down at the manuscript and keeps his eyes fixed on the manuscript paper, which limits the emotional communication between the speaker and the audience.
Recitation speech
Also called ready-made speech, the speaker is required to write a manuscript in advance and practice it repeatedly, and then give a ready-made speech to the audience after memorizing it. It is the most widely used way in China speech contest. Its advantage is that the speaker can elaborate the content of the speech in advance, then practice it carefully, recite it repeatedly, and learn it by heart, and then he can give a speech on stage with a certain grasp. This method is more suitable for beginners. The disadvantage of this method is that because the speaker has made meticulous and careful preparations in advance in the expression of oral language and body language, there are often traces of performance in formal speeches, and even people feel grandstanding and affectation.
Outline speech
It doesn't require the speaker to write a complete speech word for word, just write down the hierarchical structure of the speech in the form of an outline, and then make a speech with the help of the outline. Its characteristic is that it can avoid the same problems as reading and reciting? Too little emotional communication with the audience; According to several principled outlines, the speaker immediately expanded and expounded the theme. It is realistic that he can adjust the content of his speech according to the audience's reaction and other on-site conditions. Besides, the outline speech keeps the advantages of reading and reciting speeches? You can prepare the content of the speech in advance. You can have some time to collect materials and consider the main points and argumentation methods of your speech, but you don't have to write the full text. Instead, you can use the outline method to sort out the structural levels and main examples of the whole speech in concise sentences, so that you can use it to open your mind when you speak.
Impromptu speech
It refers to a speech in which the language is temporarily organized without adequate preparation before the speech, which can be active or passive. The so-called initiative refers to the publication without external force to promote and supervise, and the spokesman is generally the moderator of the meeting. If you host a lecture, you should introduce the content, purpose and speaker of the meeting; Such as holding welcome parties, farewell parties, tea parties and festive banquets. We should make opening remarks and some impromptu speeches. The so-called passivity means that the speaker has no intention to make a speech, but is forced to make a speech temporarily under the impetus of external forces (such as the urging of the host).
Debate speech
A speech to discuss and compare a problem or situation to determine its value. It is often used in politics, academia, diplomatic circles and some speech contests. For example 1986? National Ten Cities Youth Speech Invitational Tournament? In fact, in addition to propositional speeches and impromptu speeches, there are also debates.
Political speech
The content involves political and state speeches, including campaign speeches, inaugural speeches, general assembly debates, assembly speeches, diplomatic speeches, etc.
campaign speech
A political speech. A speech delivered by a speaker to explain his political ideas and implementation plans to the public, or to debate with competitors in order to win public support and gain a certain leadership position. Widely used in western countries, it is a means to run for parliament and head of government.
inauguration address
Also known as the policy address, a political speech. It is a speech made by a newly elected or re-elected head of government, local governor or department leader on how to handle domestic and foreign, local and departmental affairs.
Conference debate
A political speech. It refers to discussing major decisions at national or local internal meetings or expressing personal views and positions on relevant political issues at international meetings such as the United Nations.
Assembly speech
A political speech. It is usually delivered at political gatherings, such as Mao Zedong's rally held in Yan 'an on May 4th? May 4th Movement? Speech at the 20th anniversary of the "Direction of Youth Movement" movement.
Educational speech
A speech in which the speaker imparts cultural and scientific knowledge to the audience. Such as knowledge lectures and academic reports.
Religious speech
A speech made by a clergyman when he preaches religious teachings or conducts other religious activities in a church. Such as priests, priests, etc.
Behavior speech
Refers to a speech with the advanced deeds of advanced figures as the main content. These deeds themselves must be beautiful things that embody the spiritual life of an ideal society; Secondly, it should be typical and of universal significance to the audience and society; Third, the speaker should have personal feelings and profound understanding of the deeds of the speech and have his own experience. At the same time, there should be appropriate choices and realistic, vivid and touching deeds. It includes the following forms: ① declarative. It is to tell your story to the audience objectively, without self-evaluation and rarely making comments. Telling a person's experience is also the content of the story itself. For example, the English model on the front line of Laoshan reported the speech. 2 experience type. It refers to a story speech that also tells stories, but focuses on experience. Its experience is inseparable from the story, and it is related to the story, such as Xiao Qu's "selfless and broad-minded". 3 didactic type. A speech about the deeds of others or groups, such as Cai Chaodong's Long Live Understanding.
Economic speech
A speech on economic issues by financial managers and entrepreneurs of a government or department. Such as commercial advertising speech, bidding introduction speech, etc.
Military speech
In combat readiness training and war, generals give speeches to soldiers (or senior leaders of the party and army to soldiers and ordinary people), publicize, encourage and explain strategic and tactical issues. For example, Mao Zedong's speech "On protracted war" 1938 at Yan 'an War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Research Association from May 26th to June 3rd.
Interesting speech
In celebration and commemoration activities, the humorous speech made by the speaker to make the audience feel happy.
Expert lecture
A speech devoted to expressing opinions and experiences on a certain issue or theme. For example, in July of 1984, it was held in Jilin. The party is in our hearts? Themed? Summer in Jiangcheng? A speech at the speech invitational tournament.
thesis
This is a speech centered on discussing academic issues. Such as Shao Shouyi's Eloquence of Leading Cadres and Speech and Eloquence.
Etiquette speech
Refers to a polite speech that expresses praise, thanks, wishes or makes people feel interesting in a communication place. For example, a speech at a welcome or farewell party, a wish speech at a party or banquet, etc.
Instructional speech
Speakers just pass on what they have learned to others, or spread some news to the audience, and generally don't argue with the audience.
Persuasive speech
The speaker should make the audience understand things clearly and obey their own views. For example, presidential campaign speeches.
Inciting speech
A speech that inspires the audience's emotions with enthusiastic language and makes them struggle towards the set goals. Are you online? May 4th Movement? In the movement, the speeches of revolutionary youth are mostly encouraging, and their purpose is to inspire people to take action against imperialism and save the country.
Condolence speech
A speech delivered at a funeral or a meeting commemorating the anniversary of someone's death. Also known as a funeral speech. Formed in ancient Greece, according to the History of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians had the custom of giving a speech at the funeral for a long time, which was mainly used to pay tribute to the soldiers killed in the war and was held once a year. The earliest and most famous speech in ancient Greece is that of Pericles (about 495- 429 BC) who buried the dead soldiers after the first year of the Peloponnesian War. This kind of remarks later spread to ancient Rome, and then from ancient Rome to Europe and the world. In fact, the scope of application is gradually expanding.
Lobbying speech
There is no fixed place for the speech. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, Confucius, Mencius, Su Qin and Zhang Yi traveled around the world. Another example is 1983, which was jointly organized by the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions and the Communist Youth League Committee? Revitalize the Chinese lecture hall group? National lecture tour.
soapbox oratory
A speech in an open place, such as a street corner. In the modern history of our country, many college and middle school students went to the masses to engage in universal education, and most of them adopted this form of speech, such as the speech of the Peking University Civic Education Lecture Group; Are you online? Five stresses and four beauties? During the activity, many young people in large and medium-sized cities also adopted this form of speech.
Palace speech
It refers to the speech act of ancient courtiers providing opinions and suggestions to monarchs or leaders in court. Like what? Zou Ji satirizes that Wang Qi is difficult to teach? Wait a minute.
Court speech
Statements made by litigants, defendants, lawyers and other judicial personnel in court. Generally divided into litigation speech and defense speech.
Litigation speech
Accusations and complaints made by the parties themselves or the public prosecutor against the defendant in court.
Defense speech
The defendant (defendant) made a speech in the debate with the litigant (plaintiff) or the public prosecutor to prove his innocence or misdemeanor (or the defense lawyer to prove the defendant's innocence or misdemeanor). It can be divided into defendant's own defense speech and lawyer's (or defender's) defense speech. The defendant's defense speech in court is called direct defense speech. A speech delivered outside the courtroom is called an indirect defense speech, but it does not play the role of self-defense. In nature, defense speech can also be divided into two categories: one is purely for personal or case defense speech; A kind of speech, seemingly directed at individuals, is actually directed at a cause or a class, political party or group. This kind of speech is not only used to defend innocence or misdemeanor, so it is more intense and grand in strength, emotion and momentum, and it can also touch the hearts of the audience. Socrates defends himself, Louis, a female soldier of the Paris commune? Michelle's defense speech in fancy court and dimitrov's defense in Leipzig court are examples of such speeches.
Radio and TV talk
This is a new language due to the rapid development of modern radio technology. Speakers can speak to thousands of invisible people on radio or TV. For example, during the Second World War, Stalin once published the famous "Radio Speech".