Traditional enterprises are mostly labor-intensive, while modern high-tech enterprises are mostly knowledge-based creative enterprises, and Chinese enterprises are transforming into knowledge-based economy.
In short, an enterprise refers to an economic organization established in accordance with the law for profit and engaged in independent accounting of commodity production, management and service activities.
It should be noted that-
Company: a profit-making enterprise legal person established in accordance with the Company Law. The concept of enterprise is greater than that of company.
Classification of enterprises: (1) It is divided into sole proprietorship enterprises, partnership enterprises and corporate enterprises according to the mode and responsibility of investors.
(2) According to different investors: domestic-funded enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and enterprises invested by businessmen from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
(3) According to the ownership structure, it can be divided into enterprises owned by the whole people, collective enterprises and private enterprises.
Company classification (1) Divides the person in charge of the company by shareholders; Unlimited liability company, limited liability company, joint stock limited company.
(two) according to the credit rating, joint ventures, associated companies and associated companies.
(3) parent company and subsidiary company
In the category of commodity economy, as one of the various modes of organizational unit, an organic economic entity, according to certain organizational rules, generally aims at profit and takes the maximization of the interests of investors, customers, employees and the public as its mission, and exchanges income by providing products or services. It is the product of social development, and develops with the development of social division of labor. Edit this paragraph | Etymology back to the top For China, the word enterprise is not inherent in the ancient culture of China. Like other social science words widely used now, they were borrowed from Japan during the political reform in the late Qing Dynasty. Japan, on the other hand, was translated from western languages in the process of introducing western enterprise system after Meiji Restoration. Therefore, to explore the etymology of enterprises, we must not start with the vocabulary composition of China and Japan, but only focus on the transplanted "mother", that is, western vocabulary.
Corresponding to the word enterprise, it is called enterprise in English, entreprise in French and unternehmen in German. Because most European languages are strongly influenced by Latin, and because of historical and geographical factors, countries are constantly transplanting and merging, which makes their lexical composition and connotation very similar. Take English as an example, the word enterprise consists of two parts, "enter-" and "-enterprise". The former means "get and start enjoying" and can be extended to "profit and income"; The latter has the meaning of "pry up and prop up" and is extended to "lever and tool". Together, the two parts mean "a profitable tool".
When the word was introduced into Japan, it was literally translated as "enterprise", which literally means that the commercial subject attempts to engage in a certain cause and has the meaning of sustainable management. According to this, it can be considered that the word enterprise exists as the object of rights in etymology, and it is "the tool and means for the subject to engage in business activities to obtain profits" or "it is not the ultimate goal for commercial subjects to create and use enterprises for commercial business activities", and its ultimate goal is nothing more than "to maximize their own interests".
Enterprise English description
Enterprise: An enterprise is a company or enterprise, usually a small enterprise.
Company: A company is a commercial organization that makes money by selling goods or services.
Enterprise: An enterprise is an organization that produces and sells goods or provides services. Edit this paragraph | Why is there 1937? The article "The Essence of Enterprise" published by American economist R.H. Coase is considered as the beginning of discussing this issue.
Before this, what is the nature of the enterprise itself is a problem neglected by traditional microeconomic theory. In the traditional microeconomic theory, the manufacturer's production process is regarded as a "black box", that is, the enterprise from input to output is abstracted as a "black box" that pursues profit maximization.
At present, about the nature of enterprises. Western economists have different views. There are also some arguments between them. Some western economists mainly analyze the nature of enterprises from the perspective of transaction costs emphasized by Coase.
What is the essence of an enterprise? In other words, why do enterprises exist? As a form of production organization, enterprise is a substitute for market to some extent. Two extreme situations can be envisaged. In extreme cases, every kind of production is done by one person, for example, one person makes a car. In this way, this person has to deal with many suppliers of intermediate products and also with demanders of his own products. In this case, all transactions are conducted among many individuals through the market. At the other extreme, all production in the economy is carried out within a huge enterprise. For example, to produce a complete vehicle within this enterprise, there is no need to trade any intermediate products through the market. It can be seen that the same transaction can be carried out both through the organizational form of the market and through the organizational form of the enterprise. The reason why enterprises exist, or that enterprises, enterprises and markets coexist at the same time, is because some transactions are carried out at a lower cost within enterprises, while some transactions are carried out at a lower cost in the market.
transaction cost
What is the transaction cost? Any transaction can be regarded as a contract reached by both parties to the transaction. The so-called transaction cost can be regarded as the cost generated around the transaction contract. Coase and others believe that a transaction cost comes from the losses caused by accidental factors faced by both parties when signing a contract. These accidental factors were either not written into the contract because they could not be foreseen in advance, or were not written into the contract because there were too many factors although they could be foreseen. Another transaction cost is the cost of signing a contract and supervising the implementation of the contract.
What is the essence of an enterprise? In other words, why do enterprises exist? Some western economists believe that enterprises, as a form of production organization, are substitutes for the market to some extent. Two extreme situations can be envisaged. In extreme cases, every kind of production is done by one person, for example, one person makes a car. In this way, this person has to deal with many suppliers of intermediate products and also with demanders of his own products. In this case, all transactions are conducted among many individuals through the market. At the other extreme, all production in the economy is carried out within a huge enterprise. For example, to produce a complete vehicle within this enterprise, there is no need to trade any intermediate products through the market. It can be seen that the same transaction can be carried out both through the organizational form of the market and through the organizational form of the enterprise. The reason why enterprises exist, or that enterprises and markets coexist at the same time, is because some transactions are carried out at a lower cost within enterprises, while some transactions are carried out at a lower cost in the market.
Advantages of market allocation of resources
Specifically, what are the main advantages of the market? As far as buying intermediate products in the market is concerned, a large number of manufacturers generally buy goods from a few suppliers, which is beneficial for these suppliers to achieve economies of scale and reduce costs in production. In addition, the pressure of market competition among suppliers of intermediate products also forces suppliers to reduce production costs. In addition, when a few suppliers face a large number of demanders of intermediate products, these suppliers can avoid the possible losses caused by unstable demand due to limited sales, thus maintaining stable sales as a whole.
Advantages of enterprise resource allocation
What are the main advantages of enterprises? First of all, manufacturers need to spend transaction costs to buy intermediate products in the market, which includes the cost for enterprises to find suitable suppliers, sign contracts and supervise the implementation of contracts. If the manufacturer can produce some intermediate products within the enterprise, it can eliminate or reduce some transaction costs and better ensure the quality of the products. Secondly, if a manufacturer needs a special type of special equipment, and suppliers are generally reluctant to make specialized investment and production in products with only one buyer, because the risk of such specialized investment is relatively high. Therefore, manufacturers who need special equipment need to solve the problem of special equipment within enterprises. Finally, manufacturers employ some employees with specialized skills, such as specialized product design, cost management and quality control, and establish long-term contractual relations with them. This method has more advantages than purchasing the corresponding services from other manufacturers, thus eliminating or reducing the corresponding transaction costs.
Western economists further pointed out that the main factor leading to the difference between market and enterprise is the incompleteness of information. Due to the incompleteness of information, either party of the contract will try to collect and obtain information that it does not have, supervise the other party's behavior, and try to restrain it in advance and punish the other party's breach of contract afterwards. All these practices will generate transaction costs. Because these practices will take different forms in the market and enterprises, the corresponding transaction costs are also different, especially under the condition of asymmetric information, in the process of market transactions, the transaction costs caused by these practices are often very high. Therefore, through the organizational form of enterprises, some market transactions can be internalized, thus eliminating or reducing the high transaction costs generated by some market transactions.
Although intra-enterprise transaction will eliminate or reduce some market transaction costs, it also brings unique transaction costs to enterprises. The main reason for this defect of enterprises lies in the incompleteness of information. Specifically, first of all, there are various contractual relationships within enterprises, including the contractual relationship between enterprises and workers, and the contractual relationship between enterprises and managers. Enterprises should supervise the work of employees, product salesmen, managers and other personnel, and at the same time induce them to work hard for the enterprise. Therefore, enterprises have to spend costs in signing contracts, as well as supervision and incentives. Secondly, on the one hand, enterprise decision-makers often get information from subordinates, on the other hand, the decision-making information of the upper level of enterprises has to be passed on to subordinates. The information transmission in these two different directions will be distorted by the increase of subordinate levels brought about by the expansion of enterprise scale, which will lead to the loss of enterprise efficiency. Thirdly, the subordinate of an enterprise often conceals or transmits the wrong information to the superior for selfish motives, so that the superior can make a decision that is beneficial to the subordinate. In other words, the decisions made by subordinates to superiors only pass on or carry out the parts that are beneficial to them. All these will lead to the loss of enterprise benefits. It can be seen that the expansion of enterprises is limited. According to Coase's theory, the scale of an enterprise should be expanded to increase the cost of another internal exchange equal to the cost of trading through the market. Edit this paragraph | Go back to the top and redefine the enterprise. Only when the enterprise definition is clear, strategic management and corporate culture will be clear. Nowadays, the research on enterprises is becoming more and more vague, and it is not clear what an enterprise is. The development situation has changed, and enterprises in the traditional sense have disappeared. No matter in form or substance, it is urgent to break through the traditional thinking mode of enterprise definition.
First of all, the enterprise is a contract organization.
Secondly, the enterprise is a market organization. As enterprises become more and more market-oriented, in the past, enterprises, as contractual organizations, were responsible by superiors; Now, enterprises are market-oriented organizations, and people are responsible for the market. The degree of marketization determines the profitability of enterprises.
Third, enterprises are learning organizations. It used to be thought that enterprises were manufacturing products, but now it seems that enterprises are manufacturing ideas. There are two value chains within the enterprise. One is the ideological value chain, from information knowledge to ability to thought. The second is the value chain of material form.
Fourth, enterprises are family education institutions. Corporate culture is called a kind of capital, and enterprises are also called a mode of operation. Enterprises are increasingly emphasizing culture and becoming a religious organization, so they must unify their core concepts and values.
Fifth, the enterprise is a virtual organization. Now everyone is talking about virtual production, virtual marketing, virtual transportation and virtual distribution. Everything is virtualized, and the more virtual the enterprise is, the more powerful it is.
Sixth, the enterprise is a borderless organization. It used to be thought that enterprises had boundaries. Later, it developed and became borderless. Later, the enterprise has both boundaries and no boundaries, and the boundaries are blurred, and everything is blurred. Now it seems that the marginal cost of an enterprise is less than the marginal revenue, or the marginal cost is zero if it is multiplied by the marginal revenue. If the marginal revenue remains unchanged, the law of increasing marginal cost and marginal revenue plays a leading role, that is, the boundary can be infinite, which is of great significance to enterprise management.
Seventh, the enterprise is a systematic organization. Nowadays, enterprises are divided into two lines: one is products and services, and the other is the guarantee system for enterprises to have sustainable competitiveness. Generally speaking, successful large foreign enterprises are systematic in operation and pay attention to systematicness.
Eighth, enterprises are networked organizations. The value chain organization is not enough for an enterprise, nor does it necessarily form a circle. To become a network organization and a chain owner, the enterprise and the network owner must integrate the operation of the value chain and make the enterprise a consortium. For China enterprises, it is time to integrate into this network, into a larger value network and more value networks.
Ninth, enterprises are global organizations. In the past, according to the barrel theory, enterprises decided how to improve the profit of the shortest root and make up the shortest root. Enterprises are always at a disadvantage. Now a new barrel theory has emerged, that is to say, instead of making the short one, you can make the one you are best at. Every enterprise has its own advantages, just as everyone does what they are most interested in. Low cost and high efficiency. From the barrel theory to the new barrel theory, according to the global positioning of each enterprise, you do a section, I do a section, global integration, integration into the process of globalization. The final enterprise is a global organization.
Tenth, enterprises are systematic organizations. In the end, turning the enterprise into a system means that ordinary people do extraordinary things. Specific to a person is very common, but it is very powerful to become a system. By establishing this system, management can reach the highest level, that is, there is no management; Make the strategy reach the highest level, that is, there is no strategy. Just like the highway.
Eleventh, the most important thing is honesty.
The meaning of enterprise:
An enterprise is an economic organization that aims at making profits, engages in production and business activities, and provides goods or services to the society. Enterprises are the most important market players.
Enterprise operation management system-OMS
OMS is the abbreviation of Operations Management System, which is translated into Chinese as Operation Management System.
OMS is the latest operating method and tool for enterprise operation and brand management based on management, organizational behavior, marketing, communication, statistics and computer application technology. It is also the most systematic theory of enterprise operation and brand management so far.
OMS covers the relationship between corporate culture, corporate image and public and private interests. Comprehensively solved the most realistic problems such as "what is an enterprise and what is a healthy enterprise", and built a solid operating mechanism and management system for enterprises to overcome the crisis and develop healthily; It has become an indispensable management system for most enterprises at present. With the introduction of OMS by many enterprises, a new management reform has begun.
Authoritative researcher of OMS: Senior researcher of OMS Bob Zhu economic trends, expert of enterprise operation and brand management, which is the result of many years' research by Mr. Bob Zhu and others with the support of many experts at home and abroad.
The role of enterprises:
1. As the cell of the national economy, enterprises are the main participants in market economic activities.
2. Enterprises are the direct undertakers of social production and circulation.
3. Enterprises are the main force to promote social, economic and technological progress.
In a word, enterprises play an irreplaceable role in the development and progress of the whole social economy. In a certain sense, the level of quality of enterprise and whether enterprises adapt to the requirements of market economy development are directly related to the national economic situation and the long-term stability of society. Edit this paragraph | Return to the Interim Provisions on Standards for Top and Small Enterprises 1. According to the "People's Republic of China (PRC) SME Promotion Law", these Provisions are formulated.
Two, the standard of small and medium-sized enterprises according to the number of employees, sales, total assets and other indicators, combined with the characteristics of the industry to determine.
Three, these Provisions shall apply to industry, construction, transportation and postal services, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering. Among them, industry includes mining, manufacturing, production and supply of electricity, gas and water. Standards for small and medium-sized enterprises in other industries other than this standard shall be formulated separately.
Four, the standard of small and medium-sized enterprises is:
Industry, small and medium-sized enterprises must meet the following conditions: less than 2,000 employees, or less than 300 million yuan in sales, or less than 400 million yuan in total assets. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must have at least 300 employees, sales of 30 million yuan and above, and total assets of 40 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses.
Small and medium-sized enterprises in the construction industry must meet the following conditions: fewer than 3,000 employees, or less than 300 million yuan in sales, or less than 400 million yuan in total assets. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the employment needs of 600 people and above at the same time, with sales of 30 million yuan and above and total assets of 40 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses.
Wholesale, retail and retail small and medium-sized enterprises must meet the following conditions: the number of employees is less than 500, or the sales volume is less than1.500 million yuan. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the number of employees 100 and above, and the sales 100 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses. Small and medium-sized enterprises in the wholesale industry must meet the following conditions: fewer than 200 employees or less than 300 million yuan in sales. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the number of employees 100 and above at the same time, with sales of 30 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses.
Transportation and postal services, transportation and small and medium-sized enterprises must meet the following conditions: less than 3,000 employees or less than 300 million yuan in sales. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the needs of 500 or more employees at the same time, with sales of 30 million yuan or more; The rest are small businesses. Small and medium-sized postal enterprises must meet the following conditions: the number of employees is below 1000, or the sales volume is below 300 million yuan. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the needs of 400 employees and above at the same time, with sales of 30 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses.
Accommodation and catering industry and small and medium-sized enterprises must meet the following conditions: the number of employees is less than 800, or the sales volume is less than150 million yuan. Among them, medium-sized enterprises must meet the needs of 400 employees and above at the same time, with sales of 30 million yuan and above; The rest are small businesses.
Five, in these Provisions, the number of employees is replaced by the number of employees at the end of the year in the current statistical system; The sales of industrial enterprises are replaced by the annual product sales revenue in the current statistical system; The sales of construction enterprises are replaced by the annual project settlement income in the current statistical system; In the current statistical system, wholesale and retail trade are replaced by annual sales; The sales of transportation and postal services, accommodation and catering enterprises are replaced by annual operating income in the current statistical system; Total assets are replaced by total assets in the current statistical system.
Six, these Provisions shall apply to enterprises of various ownership and various organizational forms established in People's Republic of China (PRC) according to law.
Seven, the confirmation of the enterprise type is based on the statutory statistical data of the national statistical department, and the enterprise application and government audit are no longer used.
Eight, this standard shall come into force as of the date of promulgation, and the supplementary standard of this standard promulgated by 1988 "classification standard of large, medium and small industrial enterprises" and 1992 shall be abolished at the same time.
State Economic and Trade Commission
state development planning commission
Ministry of Finance and Administration
National Bureau of Statistics(NBS)
February 2003 19 This paragraph was edited | Back to the top, China's current important laws and regulations related to enterprises "People's Republic of China (PRC) State-owned Assets Law".
Company Law of the People's Republic of China
Interim regulations on the supervision and administration of state-owned assets of enterprises
Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) (I)
Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) (II)
Some Provisions on Lawyers as Legal Advisers of Enterprises
Measures for the Administration of Legal Advisers of State-owned Enterprises
Reply of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on the proportion of foreign investment of non-corporate enterprises as legal persons
Provisions on the administration of the registration of legal representatives of enterprises as legal persons
Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on the Administration of Enterprise Legal Person Registration
People's Republic of China (PRC) sole proprietorship enterprise law
People's Republic of China (PRC) Partnership Law (revised in 2006)
Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Foreign-funded Enterprises
Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Foreign-funded Enterprises
Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprises
Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Sino-foreign Joint Ventures
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Implementation of the Law on Sino-foreign Joint Ventures
corporate culture
Corporate culture or organizational culture is a unique cultural image of an organization, which consists of its values, beliefs, rituals, symbols and ways of doing things.
The concept of corporate culture
Broadly speaking, culture is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human society in historical practice; Culture in a narrow sense is social ideology and corresponding organizations and systems.
Corporate culture is gradually formed in the practice of production and operation, which is recognized and observed by all employees. It is the sum of mission, vision, purpose, spirit, values and business ideas with organizational characteristics, and it is the embodiment of these ideas in the practice of production and operation, management system, employee behavior and corporate external image. It is different from culture, education, scientific research, military and other organizations in cultural nature.
Corporate culture is the soul of an enterprise and an inexhaustible motive force to promote its development. It contains very rich contents, and its core is the spirit and values of the enterprise. The values here do not refer to various cultural phenomena in enterprise management, but to the values held by enterprises or employees in enterprises in commodity production and management.
Different expressions of the concept of corporate culture
There are many different understandings and expressions about the concept of corporate culture:
1, American scholars John Kurt and james heskett believe that corporate culture refers to the corporate values and business behaviors shared by all departments in an enterprise, at least the top managers of the enterprise. ..... refers to the * * * cultural phenomenon shared by all functional departments of a branch company or departments located in different geographical environments in an enterprise.
2. According to Tres Deere and allen Kennedy, corporate culture is values, heroes, customs and ceremonies, cultural networks and corporate environment.
3. william ouchi believes that corporate culture is "enterprising, defensive and flexible-that is, the values that determine activities, viewpoints and behavior patterns.
4. Corporate culture is a new modern enterprise management theory. If an enterprise really wants to enter the market and embark on a road of rapid development, good efficiency, continuous improvement of overall quality and coordinated economic development, it must popularize and deepen the construction of corporate culture.
5. Corporate culture can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Enterprise culture in a broad sense refers to the material culture and spiritual culture with its own characteristics created by enterprises; In a narrow sense, corporate culture is the sum of business purposes, values and moral codes of conduct formed by an enterprise with its own personality.
6. Corporate culture is an organic and important part of social and cultural system. It is the comprehensive reflection and expression of national culture and modern consciousness in the enterprise, the enterprise characteristics and group consciousness formed under the influence of national culture and modern consciousness, and the code of conduct produced by this consciousness.
7. Corporate culture is the overall cognition and attitude of the groups in the enterprise to the outside world. -Panoramic management
8.( 1) Corporate culture is a norm gradually formed among working groups.
(2) Corporate culture is the main values that an enterprise believes in, and it is the condensation of far-reaching values, myths and heroic symbols.
(3) The purpose of corporate culture is to guide enterprises to formulate policies for employees and customers.
(4) Corporate culture is the "principle" of enterprise survival and competition, and it is the "inherent law" that new employees must master if they want to be hired by enterprises.
(5) Corporate culture is the feeling or atmosphere conveyed by the layout of objects in the enterprise, and it is also the way for members of the enterprise to communicate with customers or other external members.
(6) Corporate culture is a corporate culture composed of traditional atmosphere, which means the company's values, such as enterprising, defensive or flexible-these values constitute the norms of the company's employees' vitality, views and behaviors. Managers practice and instill these norms into employees and pass them on from generation to generation.
(7) Corporate culture is a certain cultural concept and historical tradition formed in an enterprise, with the same values, ethics and life information, which unifies various internal forces under the same guiding ideology and business philosophy and converges in the same direction.
(8) Corporate culture is a mixture of economic significance and cultural significance, that is, the values and codes of conduct formed in the corporate world have a cultural impact on people and society. Not knowledge cultivation, but people's attitude towards knowledge; Not profit, but profit psychology; It is not interpersonal relationship, but the philosophy of dealing with people in interpersonal relationship. Corporate culture is something that permeates all the activities of the enterprise and is the virtue of the enterprise.
(9) Corporate culture refers to the basic information of an enterprise organization, and it is a basic viewpoint to test the internal and external environment of an enterprise with basic values. It is the code of conduct and value system that all members of the enterprise abide by and believe in together, and it is the philosophical idea that guides people to do their work.
(10) Corporate culture is a spiritual wealth and material form with its own characteristics created by enterprises in their production, operation and management activities under certain social and historical conditions. It includes cultural ideas, values, enterprise spirit, standards, codes of conduct, historical traditions, enterprise system, cultural environment, enterprise products and so on. Among them, values are the core of corporate culture.