According to the situation and characteristics of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, starting from the regularity of the operation of market intermediary organizations and the actual situation in China, and drawing on the advanced experience of foreign countries, we believe that the general idea of vigorously developing market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises in China can be summarized as follows:
Diversification of economic components
The diversification of economic components here is from the diversification of ownership structure and the diversification of investment subjects.
Diversification of ownership structure means that the managers of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises can be countries, collectives, individuals, units under ownership by the whole people, units under collective ownership, private entrepreneurs or individuals, and of course, they can also take the form of mixed ownership through equity participation and cooperation. For example, intermediary organizations providing technical and information services for small and medium-sized enterprises should make full use of the strength of national science and technology departments, universities and communication systems, and financing institutions should make full use of the strength of banks and some credit institutions. This kind of organization should not emphasize private or individual-oriented, because most scientific research units, universities and banks in China are in the hands of the state. Intermediary organizations, such as brokers, agents, consulting and diagnostic firms, can initiate the formation of non-governmental organizations according to their professional level and business ability. As we all know, there are three kinds of intermediary organizations of economic verification in the world, especially the CPA industry: partnership firms, individual firms and joint stock limited companies. Many people in the SME Association think that it should be "half official and half people". I think there are two meanings: first, the government can support it at first, or even let it act as part of its functions, but it must be decoupled from the government in the future; Second, it exercises some government functions, which is by no means what the government should have. These functions belong to the trade association itself under the developed market economy, but our country has been distorted under the traditional system, and there must be a process of correction.
Diversification of investment subjects means that market intermediaries play an important role in promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, so both the government and enterprises, as well as associations, schools and research departments can participate in the investment of market intermediaries. Foreign experience proves this point, and so does our domestic development trend. In this way, the investment subjects of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises will inevitably present diversified characteristics. Investor diversification is related to equity structure, but not from the perspective of equity. For example, there are both public, collective and private schools and research departments, and the economic composition of community organizations is more complex and auspicious; What is the essence of government ownership? Therefore, to some extent, diversification of investment subjects is more illustrative than diversification of equity structure, and can better reflect the essential requirements of market economy.
Diversification of economic components can make market intermediary organizations play a flexible and effective role, and also form a competitive situation. Through competition, the survival of the fittest can be eliminated and all forces can be concentrated to accelerate development.
(B) diversification of organizational types
Like the general market intermediary organizations, the types of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises are also diversified. Here we analyze it from three aspects.
Intermediary organizations can be divided into: (1) profit-making intermediary organizations according to their profitability. It plays a very important role in coordinating the interests of large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, and small and medium-sized enterprises unite to hold the same economic undertakings and improve their business performance. Drawing lessons from foreign experience, there are two main types of such organizations in China: first, small and medium-sized enterprises mainly merge their businesses, while small and medium-sized enterprises in the same industry mainly merge their businesses to form * * *. As a legal person, it can carry out financing business with banks and make collective actions suitable for local industrial policies or environmental protection requirements at that time. For example, small and medium-sized enterprises in the printing industry in the city center can set up a business consortium of small and medium-sized enterprises in the printing industry and collectively move to new industrial zones in the suburbs. Second, small and medium-sized enterprise management consortium, which is similar to enterprise groups. Under the premise of not denying the independence of member legal persons, small and medium-sized enterprises are jointly invested by members of the consortium to build large-scale production facilities and welfare and health facilities. For example, the same order in the same industry in manufacturing industry, the combination of commercial commercial streets and so on. (2) Non-profit intermediary organizations refer to small and medium-sized enterprise intermediary organizations that are not for profit. Its functions: first, part of the management functions of the enterprise are stripped off and borne by the intermediary institutions, saving the management expenses of the enterprise; Second, intermediary organizations promote the modernization of small and medium-sized enterprises from all aspects, adjust the interest relationship between large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, safeguard the interests of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide guarantees for small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain loans from banks. This kind of intermediary organizations mainly include SME Association, SME International Cooperation Association and SME Comprehensive Guidance Office.
2. Intermediary organizations can be divided into: (1) service-oriented intermediary organizations. The main feature is to provide various services for all aspects of reproduction and related businesses of small and medium-sized enterprises, such as human resources development, information collection, start-up procedures agency, legal affairs agency, technical services, product sales services and so on. Combine all links in the reproduction process of small and medium-sized enterprises through services. This type of intermediary organization forms the most. (2) Management intermediary organizations. The main task is management and coordination. Of course, this kind of management and coordination is also based on providing services for small and medium-sized enterprises, and management is realized through services. Small and medium-sized enterprise associations, associations of businesses and various branches, such as quality associations and enterprise management associations, belong to this type. They are all characterized by all-round or certain aspects of SME management, and the starting point of management is still to safeguard the fundamental interests of SMEs.
3. Intermediary organizations can be divided into: (1) comprehensive service organizations according to the scope and content of services, which refer to market intermediary organizations that provide comprehensive services for small and medium-sized enterprises or mainly provide comprehensive services such as public welfare and support. Such as small and medium-sized enterprise service centers led by economic and trade commissions at all levels, and related chambers of commerce and associations. (2) Professional service organizations refer to market intermediary organizations established according to law to provide various professional services for small and medium-sized enterprises. Specialized service organizations operate according to market-oriented standards and provide certain services for small and medium-sized enterprises within the approved business scope.
(3) Comprehensive service functions
In terms of service function, whether from the practice abroad or from the discussion and design in China, the more perfect the better. For example, foreign intermediary service agencies undertake the service functions of small and medium-sized enterprises from financial services to credit guarantee, from training consultation to information collection, from technical services to management services, and then to product sales and export intermediary services.
Although the market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises in China are still in the initial stage of development, we can also see the trend of comprehensive service functions from the existing practice, existing policies, discussions by experts and scholars and speeches by relevant leaders. For example, two documents issued by the State Economic and Trade Commission: First, the "Several Policy Opinions on Encouraging and Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" pointed out that the establishment of a service system for small and medium-sized enterprises with financing, credit guarantee, technical support, management consulting, information service, market development and personnel training as the main contents should be promoted; Second, the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Cultivation of Socialized Service System for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises pointed out that the cultivation of service system should focus on credit guarantee, financing, entrepreneurship counseling, technical support, information consultation, market development, personnel training, management, international cooperation and other fields. Theorists divide the functions of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises into finance, scientific and technological development, government procurement, trade, diagnosis, guidance, education and training, accounting, law, information consultation, overseas investment, entrepreneurship, employment and many other aspects. Through the spirit and exposition of these documents, we can see the trend of developing market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises in China and striving for comprehensive functions.
(d) Legalization of activities
Defining the nature, rights and obligations of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises in legal form, and defining the scope and methods of market intermediary organizations in legal form are important measures to standardize the behavior of market intermediary organizations and ensure their healthy development. Therefore, some countries in the world attach great importance to this issue. For example, Japan has promulgated many laws and regulations, such as the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Cooperative Association Law, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Group Law and the Credit Guarantee Association Law. South Korea's market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises are also established and developed under the provisions of the Basic Law for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, the Series Promotion Law for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, the Enterprise Adjustment Law for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and the Purchase Promotion Law for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises.
From the very beginning, China attached great importance to the legal construction of market intermediary organizations. In recent years, the State Economic and Trade Commission has issued Opinions on Liberalizing and Invigorating Small State-owned Enterprises, Opinions on Several Issues of Cultivating Socialized Service System for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Guiding Opinions on Establishing a Pilot Credit Guarantee System for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Several Policy Opinions on Encouraging and Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, and Opinions on Strengthening the Measurement of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (jointly issued with the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision). In addition, the Law on Promoting Small and Medium-sized Enterprises is in the process of being formulated. All these provide good conditions for the legalization of market intermediary organizations' service activities for small and medium-sized enterprises.
(e) Network operation of the system
Considering the market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises as a system, in order to ensure the efficiency and stability of the system, it is necessary to demand and develop the market intermediary organizations with systematic ideas.
First of all, according to the principle of system integrity, in order to meet the needs of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, a multi-level, multi-channel, diversified and socialized comprehensive market intermediary organization system should be established. Since it is a system, it can't be developed alone, only considering the immediate and temporary needs, and it must be developed with the idea of interdependence and interconnection. Only when all kinds of intermediary organizations serving the reproduction process and related business activities of small and medium-sized enterprises develop and form an organic system can the fundamental purpose of promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises be realized.
Secondly, according to the hierarchical principle of the system, we should pay attention to the network construction of market intermediary organizations. Hierarchy is an important concept of system management, which refers to dividing a system into several levels, and each level is composed of several subsystems that are connected horizontally. Each subsystem has its own independent function and coordinates with other subsystems at the same level. Each layer is under the jurisdiction of the upper level and is responsible for governing its own subordinates. In this way, we should establish a multi-level and multi-form network of national market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises. Grass-roots organizations should be members of the organizations at the next higher level, and the National Alliance of Market Intermediary Organizations should provide various services, guidance and coordination for its members. The upper-level organization and the lower-level organization are not subordinate, but partnership. The upper and lower levels in the same industry link economic interests through contracts, agreements, shares and other contractual forms, forming a networked interest body.
What needs to be pointed out here is that there are two problems to be paid attention to in establishing a network of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises: first, grass-roots organizations must be based on the production and operation needs of enterprises in the economic zone, set up when necessary, and expand their scale as much as possible to achieve economies of scale; Second, the connection between the top, bottom and left on the network is completely linked by economic interests, and administrative actions are put an end to.
Second, the countermeasures
The development of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises can take countermeasures from the following four aspects.
(A) government support, market-oriented operation, and vigorously develop market intermediary organizations dedicated to serving small and medium-sized enterprises.
The government supports market intermediary organizations through unified planning, formulation of laws and regulations, macro guidance and regulation, training of talents, preferential credit and tax reduction and exemption, undertaking and diversifying risks, and increasing infrastructure investment.
1. Support fiscal, monetary and tax policies. Financial support for market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises depends on their service scope, business nature and profitability. Small and medium-sized enterprise associations and other management organizations, because their main task is management and coordination, have done a lot of work for the government, and should be given certain financial allocations or subsidies. For service-oriented organizations, because most of them are engaged in information, technical services, management consulting, personnel training and other activities, they are basically in a state of free or low-paid services. The government should give free or low-paid financial support to ensure their operation. For for-profit intermediary organizations, the government can support them by providing their working capital and providing discount loans to banks. In terms of financial loans, market intermediaries should be allowed to enjoy special interest rates, and special loans can also be established for this purpose. In terms of tax policy, preferential policies for tax reduction and exemption should be given according to the actual situation.
2. Use legislation to determine the status and role of market intermediary organizations. As mentioned above, there are many foreign legislations on small and medium-sized enterprises, but there is still a big gap in China. It will take time for the Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises to be promulgated, and there are few individual laws and regulations on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially the special laws and regulations on market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises. With the law, the establishment and operation of market intermediary organizations have legal guarantee and policy basis. In a short time, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the Industrial and Commercial Bureau, the Ministry of Civil Affairs and other units can first issue some model articles of association and organizational principles for market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises, so that market intermediary organizations can develop along a standardized track.
3. Unified planning, highlighting key points and advancing step by step. As mentioned above, the market intermediary organization serving small and medium-sized enterprises is a systematic project, involving rich contents. At the initial stage of development, government departments must strengthen leadership, make unified planning, and formulate feasible plans to ensure the effectiveness of development. (1) On the basis of strengthening investigation and research, the breakthrough point and development focus are selected, namely, credit guarantee, entrepreneurship counseling, technical support, information consultation, market development, personnel training and management. All localities should choose according to local actual conditions. From a national perspective, it is necessary to start to establish comprehensive SME associations and SME service centers. (2) we should pay attention to summing up experience and gradually push it to the surface on the basis of the pilot. (3) The government should mobilize the strength of the whole society, extensively organize social resources, form a driving force, and accelerate development. In addition, government departments should also do a good job in training talents of market intermediary organizations.
Market-oriented operation is to follow the laws and principles of market economy, turn market intermediary organizations into real non-governmental organizations, and implement independent operation, self-management and self-development. At present, we should pay special attention to the administrative tendency of market intermediary organizations and avoid administrative intervention in their internal affairs. Considering the special national conditions of China, it is very important for the government to guide the market intermediary organizations correctly. In the period of system transition, without the early intervention of the government, the great development of market intermediary organizations has no future. Even in developed capitalist countries, the government's macro guidance and control of intermediary institutions is indispensable. The crux of the problem is that we must be clear about what the government should do and what intermediary organizations without government intervention should do. Due to inertia, the relationship between the government and the market in China has been difficult to straighten out, and the offside phenomenon of the government is quite serious. Therefore, to develop market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises, government intervention should be as little as possible. We must highlight the "non-government" characteristics of intermediary organizations and let the market mechanism play its role.
(2) Make full use of existing market intermediary organizations to serve small and medium-sized enterprises.
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, especially since the development of market economy, China has developed a large number of market intermediary organizations, such as trade associations, accounting firms, law firms, information service institutions, technology development institutions, management consulting institutions, agents and brokers. These general market intermediary organizations have the function of serving small and medium-sized enterprises, and they did provide a lot of services for small and medium-sized enterprises in the past, but the question is whether they are built for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the demand characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises are not considered enough. Moreover, because of the interests, they often ignore the services for SMEs, and some even ignore them. Improving these existing market intermediary organizations through reform is a good way to do more with less money, and it is also a good way to deal with emergencies. There are three ways to improve it: first, strengthen the function of existing market intermediary organizations to serve small and medium-sized enterprises. Conditional intermediary organizations can set up branches or departments to serve small and medium-sized enterprises, and the losses caused by them are subsidized by the government; The second is to separate some personnel or facilities from the existing market intermediary organizations and transform them into market intermediary organizations providing services for small and medium-sized enterprises, which are completely decoupled from the original organizations; Third, some existing market intermediary organizations, such as those closely related to small and medium-sized enterprises, have been transformed into market intermediary organizations dedicated to serving small and medium-sized enterprises, endowed with new functions and implemented new policies.
(C) to cultivate a good social environment for the development of market intermediary organizations
Market intermediary organizations serving the development of small and medium-sized enterprises are new things in the reform. Their growth has broken through the shackles of the old system and will inevitably collide and rub with the old system and the old environment. Moreover, such organizations lack ready-made organizational resources and systems as a support point, and have to break through on their own to strive for political and legal status and protection. They need more extensive social contacts, create living conditions and seek development. And society also has the responsibility and obligation to support its development. Because no matter from the national economy or people's life, small and medium-sized enterprises are of great significance.
To support market intermediary organizations, we must first unify our thinking and understanding. Both local administrative organs and emerging community organizations should recognize the importance of the existence and development of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises, straighten out their relations and provide them with convenience and services as much as possible. In addition, we should pay attention to reducing the burden of market intermediary organizations, and we should not apportion them at will, so that they can go into battle lightly. The administrative department for industry and commerce shall open the door to the registration of market intermediary organizations and shall not obstruct or ignore them in any name.
Community education and scientific research institutions and news organizations should also cooperate with market intermediary organizations, publicize the principles implemented by intermediary organizations, popularize accumulated experience, help them train personnel, and make the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises understand and accept market intermediary organizations. Actively play the role of scientific and technological research and promotion, and vigorously support intermediary organizations.
(4) Strengthen the management and supervision of market intermediary organizations to ensure their healthy development.
At present and in the future, with the development of socialist market economy, market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises will inevitably have greater development. However, under the condition of imperfect mechanisms, systems and market systems, great development will also bring some blindness and confusion. In order to minimize the negative impact, ensure the healthy development of market intermediary organizations and play its positive role in small and medium-sized enterprises and the national economy, it is necessary to strengthen management and supervision.
1. Improve the self-discipline mechanism of market intermediary organizations. As mentioned above, the development and operation of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises have their own laws and characteristics, and their business procedures and types are also very complicated. Coupled with their folk nature, it is not necessary and impossible for government departments to manage them in a very specific and detailed way. Therefore, in addition to the management of government departments, market intermediary organizations should make more use of self-discipline mechanism for self-discipline and management. Perfecting the self-discipline mechanism of market intermediary organizations serving small and medium-sized enterprises can start from the following aspects:
First, use the market intermediary organization's own system, articles of association and operating rules for management. The establishment of each market intermediary organization must formulate certain articles of association, rules and regulations and work norms, which plays an important role in restraining and managing the staff and participating units of the market intermediary organization. For example, the establishment and operation of brokerage exchanges and brokerage companies have a set of strict systems and norms, and the self-discipline management of the brokerage industry is realized through the exchange membership management system and market trading rules.
Second, establish associations among market intermediary organizations, unite scattered market intermediary organizations, and implement self-management and self-supervision. For example, brokers' organizations can set up brokers' associations, credit guarantee organizations can set up credit guarantee associations, registered accounting firms can set up accountants' associations, and law firms can set up lawyers' associations. This kind of association generally operates in three ways: first, it formulates articles of association to restrict the basic behavior of member units, and reaches an agreement that member units compete fairly and do not use immoral means to maintain normal business order; Second, as the information center of similar organizations, it communicates members' opinions and provides various information services; The third is to act as a "competition court" to mediate disputes between customers and members in business dealings, accept and resolve disputes between members and other violations of rules and regulations, and impose joint sanctions when necessary. The association management of market intermediary organizations has begun to appear in China, but it is still far from perfect. We should learn from foreign experience and speed up the construction in this respect.
Third, strengthen ideological and moral construction. The construction of professional ethics of the staff of market intermediary organizations is a very important issue. In recent years, although the state has made norms in many aspects, in practice, the phenomenon of one-sided pursuit of income, violation of intermediary rules and procedures, and neglect of professional ethics has been repeatedly banned. Practice has proved that the staff of market intermediary organizations can only win the trust of customers and gain a firm foothold if they have good ideological quality, rigorous working attitude and meticulous spirit. Therefore, various market intermediary organizations should regard the education of their staff as an important task. It is necessary to take various forms to continuously strengthen ideological and political education, legal education, professional ethics education and professional training for intermediary institutions, improve their political and ideological awareness and professional quality, and enhance their legal concept.
2. Improve the management and supervision system of market intermediary organizations. In modern society, it is not enough to rely solely on the self-discipline mechanism of market intermediary organizations to ensure their rational operation and development, but also the management and supervision of government departments and society.
First, improve laws and regulations and bring market intermediary organizations into the track of legalization and standardization. Market economy is a legal economy, and any social activities will be fragmented without legal constraints. At present, China's laws and regulations on market intermediary organizations are still far from perfect, and many market intermediary organizations are basically in a state of no legal basis. Because the legal status, legal responsibility and economic responsibility of market intermediary organizations are not clearly defined, illegal acts can not be investigated and dealt with according to law, which is an important reason for the confusion in the field of market intermediary. Therefore, the relevant state departments should formulate laws and regulations on the management of various market intermediary organizations as soon as possible, and make clear provisions on the subject qualification, scope of activities, remuneration standards, rights and obligations, illegal handling and other issues of various market intermediary organizations. In this way, not only the management organs have laws to follow, but also the market intermediary organizations have rules to follow, and gradually realize the legalization and standardization of management.
The second is to register market intermediary organizations according to law and resolutely ban unlicensed operations. Anyone who has certain professional knowledge and experience in intermediary service and is willing to engage in intermediary service activities must go through the training of relevant government departments and pass the qualification certificate before applying for the establishment of market intermediary organizations to engage in intermediary service activities. The administrative department for industry and commerce must pass strict qualification examination before it can register in accordance with the relevant provisions on registration management and issue a business license to enable it to operate legally. Resolutely ban the black market intermediary activities without business license, and investigate the legal responsibility of the perpetrators according to law.
Third, improve the qualification examination system of market intermediaries. The assessment of market intermediary institutions is an appraisal system for their working ability, which plays an important role in ensuring the objectivity, impartiality, accuracy and authority of market intermediary services. At present, both certified public accountants and lawyers have established the examination system, but it is still blank in many aspects. You can choose several developed types, such as certified public accountants, lawyers, brokers, business management diagnosticians and information workers. As a pilot, it will be promoted when conditions are ripe. The examination system must be strict, so as to standardize and improve their ideological quality and professional ability through the examination. For those who have obtained qualifications, we should also pay attention to further assessment in practical work. Once found unqualified, the punishment will be notified or cancelled according to the seriousness of the case.
Fourth, strengthen comprehensive management and social supervision. The business scope of market intermediary organizations is very wide, involving all aspects of economic life. It is not enough to rely on the management of one or two departments. It needs the comprehensive management of industry and commerce, taxation, price, banking, finance and other functional departments to support each other and form a management system. In addition, the activities of market intermediary organizations also depend on social supervision. For example, if fraud or perjury is found, causing serious losses to the society, the public can sue the relevant departments or expose it through the news media. Market intermediary organizations are social service organizations, and social supervision has an important binding force on them.