First of all, the structure of the wharf
Pier is a stone used to support the threshold, door frame and door leaf of the main entrance or middle door in China old-style residential quadrangles. It is one of the components of quadrangle architecture, and it is also an exquisite stone carving art.
The door of the quadrangle is to insert the threshold into the groove of the threshold, and then insert the door frame into the threshold, and the door frame is connected with the lintel.
Connection, firmly connected with piers and thresholds. As long as a part of it is not damaged, the door will not collapse from the outside. When the door leaf reaches the rotating shaft, the lower part is inserted into the hole cut in the door pillow stone door, and the upper part is fixed on the inner side of the lintel with a device called "Fu Rabbit" (or "Chicken Habitat" or "Ju Lian"). Through this device, even children can easily open heavy doors.
Second, the gate pier in Beijing.
Almost all parts of the door pillow protruding from the pier in Beijing are carved into sumitomo, covered with square brocade, and decorated with lions, boxes, drums and other decorations to show the identity and status of the owner.
Third, a best wish engraved on the pier.
There are many exquisite patterns carved on the pier surface. With the help of figures, plants, animals, tools, fables and geometric patterns, these piers express the best wishes of the builders of quadrangles for longevity, wealth, exorcism, happiness of husband and wife and family prosperity.
[9] cohabitation
"Lion" is homophonic with "the world", and the pattern of carving nine lions is "Nine Lions Living Together", which symbolizes the wish of family reunion and harmonious coexistence.
[White Ape Steals Peach]
Peaches are a symbol of longevity. It is said that the Queen Mother of the West did not die because she ate Xiantao. The origin of the "white ape stealing peaches" carved on the pier is this: It is said that the mother of the white ape in Yunmeng Mountain is sick and wants to eat peaches. The white ape is very filial to his mother and secretly goes to the fairy peach garden to pick peaches. Unexpectedly, it was caught by Sun Zhenren, the immortal guarding Taoyuan. The white ape begged Sun Zhenren to cure his mother's illness. Sun Zhenren was moved by his filial piety and released the white ape. The white ape's mother recovered from illness, so the white ape presented Sun Zhenren with a military book. Since then, that "white ape steal peaches" has become a symbol of the old people's longevity. This legend is widely circulated among the people, and there are lyrics with the same theme in folk drum lyrics.
[More than one year]
"Fish" is homophonic with "surplus" and "abundance", which symbolizes auspiciousness, wealth and beauty. The patterns of carving "Lotus" and "Fish" symbolize "more than one year"
[Turn fish into dragons]
Carving carp jumps in the flowing water between two mountains, which symbolizes carp yue longmen and career promotion.
[Lion Hydrangea]
"Lion" is homophonic with "thing" and "heir". The two lions mean "all the best" in parallel, the lion wears a ribbon to mean "good things keep happening", and the lioness with her cubs wishes "prosperous future generations". The lion biting the hydrangea is a good omen for a happy event.
[Liu Hai plays Jin Chan]
Carve a picture of a girl throwing money at a three-legged toad. Money represents wealth, toad is a symbol of fertility, and golden toad in Liu Hai's play means wealth and many children. Because Liu Yong, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem, "I am greedy for watching the crazy drama of the sea toad, and I don't know the nine gates." Therefore, the golden toad in Liu Hai's drama also symbolizes abundant financial resources and constant absorption.
[Fu Lushou]
Bats symbolize happiness, peaches symbolize longevity. Deer and Lu are homophonic, carving bats, peaches,
Deer symbolize "Fu Lushou"
Carve a bergamot, a peach and a pomegranate. It symbolizes "many blessings" (the homonym of the word "Buddha"), longevity (peach symbolizes longevity) and more men (many pomegranate seeds). The combination of bergamot, peach and pomegranate has become a symbol of happiness and beauty in life.
[five blessings]
Carve a pattern of five bats. "Five Blessingg" refers to longevity, wealth, happiness, virtue and health.
[Happiness in sight]
In the picture, a bat is flying, and several ancient copper coins are tied to the bat. "Bat" and "Fu" are homophonic, and the external square holes of ancient coins and copper coins are commonly called "Yan Qian". This picture forms a decorative pattern symbolizing "Happiness in sight" with the sound and meaning of two things.
[Ribbon]
Ribbon is widely used as a carving pattern of the pier, which means "good things keep happening".
Fourth, the second blessing engraved on the pier.
【 Three Yang Kai Tai 】
Carving three sheep means that three yang has been born. If it is excellent, that is, the situation has changed from bad to good, and everything is developing in a good direction.
[Everything goes well]
Use Chinese homophony to express auspiciousness. Carve two persimmons, one is "Ruyi". It symbolizes everything beautiful.
[Years of Peace]
Carve a vase with spike plants (such as rice and barnyard grass) and carve a quail beside it. "Years old" and "Years old", "Bottle" and "Ping", "Quail" and "An" are homophonic, meaning "Peace through the years"
[Seal]
Carve a monkey climbing on a maple branch, trying to pick up the official seal hanging on the branch, and bees are flying around the tree. The homonym of Chinese characters means "seal the Hou and hang the seal", which symbolizes the promotion of official career.
[Eight Dark Immortals]
Patterns used for the Eight Immortals' birthday: Lv Dongbin's sword, Zhang's drum, Cao Guojiu's clapper, your gourd, Han Xiangzi's flower basket, He Xiangu's lotus flower, and blue and Cai He's flute.
【 Eight-treasure auspicious map 】
The "eight treasures" are the treasure umbrella and the goldfish in Shengli Building (lotus, left-handed conch, auspicious knot and golden wheel). Monks in Tibetan areas believe that Babao is the incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha and represents the eight organs of the Buddha. For example, the umbrella represents the Buddha's head, the Victory Tower represents the Buddha's body, the goldfish represents the Buddha's eyes, and the left-handed conch represents the Buddha's wonderful sound.
"Liuhe Tongchun"
Folk language customs, east and west, north and south, together with heaven and earth, are called "Liuhe", which refers to the world in general. Carve deer and cranes on the pier, and express the meaning of "six in one spring" with the homonyms of "deer", "crane" and "harmony" together with the flowers symbolizing spring.
[with one heart and one mind]
A lotus leaf and a lotus flower were born on the carved shower head, indicating the good wishes of husband and wife for love.
【 Continuous melon death 】
Melon is very small when it is born, but its vines are endless, and it will continue to grow and reproduce. Therefore, the carved melon pattern has become an auspicious pattern to wish future generations prosperity.
Five, the origin and evolution of the pier.
At present, it is impossible to give an exact answer about the earliest time when piers appeared. Door pillow stone was used as early as the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) when quadrangles were formed. Perhaps it was from then on that it gradually evolved and became the threshold we see now. The carved ornaments on the outside of the door pillow stone seem to have existed a long time ago. For example, the stone gate of Empress Wen Chengdi of the Northern Wei Dynasty (reigned from 452 to 465 AD) exhibited in the China History Museum. The outer side of the door pillow stone is made into a tiger head.
I guess the origin and evolution of piers are as follows:
1, the origin and evolution of carved door pillow stone
The door pillow stone protruding outside the door can be seen every day. It is human nature to want to decorate. So, a long time ago, someone carved some decorative lines on the outside of the door pillow stone, and later someone carved patterns for the lines to make them more beautiful. After that, the patterns gradually became richer and more complex.
These examples are all recorded in Architectural Style compiled in Song Dynasty (1 103). This door was the most complicated at that time. Therefore, it can be said that at that time, the box-shaped or bulging-door-shaped chin had not yet appeared.
2. The origin and evolution of box wharf.
After A.D. 1 100, someone made the exterior of the door pillow a little higher and carved decorative lines on all sides. Some people make the pier higher so as to attract more attention.
Later, patterns were carved in the lines, and the patterns were constantly enriched. Later, the boundary between the door pillow stone part and the upward extension part of the door pillow stone gradually became clear, and the upper part became a box and the lower part became a platform for putting the box.
3. The origin and evolution of the drum pier.
Some people try to carve a drum on the doormat to inform tourists, while others carve lotus flowers on the surface of the drum. Because it looks good, some people imitate it. Later, people tried to beautify this platform. Some people put the table in the shape of a lotus leaf in the water, which is not only beautiful in shape, but also "concentric" represents the happiness and auspiciousness of the husband and wife, so it became the most popular style at that time. Secondly, the popular pier is to carve lotus leaves on Xiangyun and then put drums on them. I think the origin of the pier and its evolution until the Ming Dynasty are deeply influenced by personal preferences and fashion.
4. The origin of Beijing-style pier.
I think that when the Ming Dynasty seized power from the Yuan Dynasty and rebuilt Beijing built by the Yuan Dynasty as its own capital, it used the pier, the most conspicuous part of the striking door, to show the new ruling order. (Refer to the third, the gate pier in Beijing) The gate pier fully embodies the aesthetic orientation of the Han people who prefer symmetry and balance. Next, like other systems, the Manchu government, which gained political power, inherited the symbolic status and identity system of the gate pier intact.
From the research value, it is very necessary to protect the pier. This is because the gate pier is a kind of folk culture with cultural relics value; The gate pier symbolizes an era in Beijing and has historical value; At the same time, the dock is also a folk handicraft. At present, Beijing's urban development and construction speed is very fast, and the project of transforming old bungalows into high-rise buildings is going on everywhere, but at the same time, the once brilliant doorpiers have disappeared with the rubble in this world. Based on the general survey of piers, they are systematically protected. The sooner this work is carried out, the better, otherwise it will leave regrets for future generations.