Green theme over the years:
1974 There is only one earth.
Only one earth
● 1975 human settlement
Human settlements
● 1976 water: an important source of life
Water: an important resource of life
● 1977 Pay attention to ozone layer destruction and soil erosion.
Environmental problems of ozone layer; Land loss and soil degradation; firewood
Non-destructive development in1978
Development without destruction
● 1979 for children and the future-development without destruction.
Our children have only one future-development without destruction.
● 1980 New Decade, New Challenge-Undamaged Development
New challenges in the new decade: development without destruction
● 198 1 year to protect groundwater and human food chain and prevent toxic chemical pollution.
Groundwater; Toxic chemicals in human food chain and environmental economics
● 1982 10th anniversary of Stockholm conference on human environment-raising environmental awareness.
Ten years after Stockholm (renewed attention to environmental issues)
● 1983 Manage and dispose of hazardous wastes, prevent acid rain hazards and improve energy utilization.
Management and Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: Acid Rain and Energy
● Desertification in 1984
desertification
● 1985 youth, population and environment
Youth: Population and Environment
● 1986 environment and peace
The Peace Tree
● 1987 environment and residence
Environment and shelter: not just a roof.
● 1988 environmental protection, sustainable development and public participation
When people put the environment first, development will last.
● 1989 be alert to global warming
Global warming; A Global Warning?
● 1990 children and the environment
Children and the environment
● 199 1 climate change-global cooperation is needed.
Climate change. Need for global partnership
● 1992 There is only one earth-care and share together.
There is only one earth, caring and sharing.
● 1993 poverty and environment-getting rid of the vicious circle
Poverty and Environment —— Breaking the vicious circle
● 1994 One Earth, One Family
One earth, one family.
● 1995 People of all countries unite to create a better future.
We the people: unite to protect the global environment.
● 1996 Our Earth, Residence and Home
Our earth, our habitat, our home.
● Life on Earth 1997.
For life on earth.
● 1998 Life on Earth-Save our oceans.
For life on earth-save our oceans.
● 1999 Saving the earth means saving the future.
Our earth-our future-save it!
● 2000 2000 Environmental Millennium-Let's act!
Environmental Millennium 2000-Take Action
2001the web of life of all things in the world
Connect with the World Wide Web of life.
In 2002, the earth was full of vitality.
Give the earth a chance
Water in 2003-the life of 2 billion people.
Water-2 billion people are eager to get it!
In 2004, everyone was responsible for the survival of the ocean.
Wanted! The ocean-dead or alive
● Create a green city in 2005 and care for the earth's home.
Green city-planning for the earth!
Don't turn dry land into desert in 2006.
Deserts and desertification-don't abandon dry land!
● Is the melting of glaciers a hot topic in 2007?
Melting ice-a hot topic?
● In 2008, change traditional ideas and promote low-carbon economy.
Quit this habit! Towards a low-carbon economy.
In 2005, there was an "environmental storm" in China, and 30 projects under construction with a total investment of more than11790 million yuan were stopped by the State Environmental Protection Administration, including three projects of Three Gorges Corporation, all of which were ministerial units. The reason is that these projects have not undergone environmental impact assessment and are illegal projects built without approval. China's environmental problems, there is no turning back, not from today. As early as the 1990s. The problem of environmental pollution is already very serious. For example, in the Huaihe River Basin, the five types of water quality accounted for 80% in the 1990s, and the whole Huaihe River was like a huge sewage ditch all the year round. 1995, the economic loss caused by environmental pollution reached187.5 billion yuan. According to the calculation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the losses caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction now account for 15% of the total GDP. On the one hand, it means 9% economic growth, on the other hand, it means 15% loss rate. Environmental problems are not only the problem of sustainable development in China, but also the devil that devours economic achievements. At present, China's desertified land has reached more than 2.674 million square kilometers. The cultivated land and homes of nearly 400 million people in 47/kloc-0 counties of China 18 provinces and autonomous regions are threatened by desertification to varying degrees, and desertification is increasing at a rate of more than 10000 square kilometers per year.
Among the seven major water systems, the water quality with no use value at all has exceeded 40%. There are more than 400 water shortages in 668 cities across the country. Many of them are caused by water pollution. For example, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, located at the intersection of Yongjiang River, Yaojiang River and Fenghua River, has serious water pollution. When it is most short of water, it is necessary to rely on water tankers to run around the clock to transport water from rural rivers to various enterprises in the city. China has an average of 65,438+. Every time a GDP of 654.38 billion yuan is created, 288,000 tons of wastewater will be discharged. There is also a lot of domestic sewage. More than 80% of them will be directly discharged into rivers without treatment. Before 654.38+00 years, there will be no water available in China. 654.38+0/3 of the urban population in China breathes seriously polluted air, and 654.38+0/3 of the country is eroded by acid rain. The acid rain coverage rate reached 100%. The frequency of acid rain is 1 1% in Shanghai and 12% in Jiangsu. The frequency of acid rain in central China and some southern cities, such as Yibin, Huaihua, Shaoxing, Zunyi, Ningbo and Wenzhou, exceeds 90%. The maximum allowable emission of sulfur dioxide for basically eliminating acid rain pollution in China is120,000 ~140,000 tons. In 2003, the national sulfur dioxide emissions reached 265,438 05.87 million tons, an increase of 65,438 02% over 2002, of which industrial emissions increased by 65,438 04.7%. By 2020, the sulfur dioxide emissions from thermal power plants alone will reach more than 2 1 10,000 tons, and the total emissions will exceed the atmospheric environmental capacity 1 times, which will be a serious disaster to the ecological environment and people's health.
65438127 October, it was predicted at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, that the sudden environmental crisis in human history would probably be the most destructive to the economic and social system in China in the near future. There is a saying that pollution control is in a dilemma. It is necessary to control the environment while developing the economy. Investment in environmental protection must reach more than 0.5% of 65438+GDP. However, this is in the case that environmental protection is already very good. According to Shanghai's experience, in order to effectively manage the environment, the investment in environmental protection must account for more than 3% of GDP. In the past 20 years, China's annual investment in environmental protection was 0.5% in the first half of 1990s. Only a little more than 1% in recent years. Environmental protection is a kind of "luxury consumption", with large investment and small contribution to GDP. Therefore, some special funds originally used for environmental protection have also been used for other purposes. At present, China is in a dilemma on environmental issues: without governance, the future cannot be guaranteed; If we really want to control it, we need large-scale investment, and the immediate economy is unbearable. Some people have calculated that the enterprises around Dianchi Lake in Yunnan have only created several billion yuan of output value in the past 20 years, but it takes at least tens of billions of yuan to initially restore the water quality of Dianchi Lake, which is the financial income of Yunnan Province. The cumulative output value of small paper mills in Huaihe River basin in 20 years is only 50 billion yuan. But to control the pollution it brings, even if the main stream reaches the minimum irrigation water standard, it needs to invest 300 billion yuan. Not only will it take a terrible number, but it will take at least 1000 years to restore the three types of water quality in the 1970s.
From the microscopic point of view, in the past 20 years, the domestic manufacturing industry can only tap its potential in two aspects: one is wages, and the other is environmental protection. The simplest, such as cement production, needs to increase the 8 yuan cost per ton of cement, accounting for 5% of the ex-factory price of cement. The textile industry discharges more than 654.38 billion cubic meters of wastewater every year. The demand per ton is 1.2 ~ 1.8 yuan, which increases the production cost by 5%. However, most enterprises simply don't have such a high profit rate. Therefore, they can only fight guerrilla warfare on environmental protection issues: either they don't build any wastewater treatment facilities, or they put them in treatment tanks during the day and discharge them into the river at night when no one is around, which can save a lot of costs. In the disorderly competition in the market, this 5% cost often determines the profit and loss, life and death of an enterprise. And the two highs and one low in China's environmental law enforcement-high law-abiding cost, high law-enforcement cost and low illegal cost-also contributed to this tendency. Under normal circumstances, the environmental protection department needs to spend 500,000 yuan to collect evidence for an illegal smuggling incident, and the fine that eventually falls on the illegal enterprise is only 50,000 yuan. Including the so-called "environmental storm" that is blowing badly. Some mega-power station projects with investment of several billion yuan started construction without authorization in violation of the EIA, and the final fine was only 200,000 yuan. For a project with an investment of over 1 100 million yuan, the fine of 200,000 yuan is only 9 Niu Yi cents. How can such punishment deter illegal activities? Therefore, environmental protection law has always been called tofu law.
An environmental storm will involve hundreds of thousands of enterprises, and the result will inevitably be: a large number of enterprises go bankrupt, a large number of people are unemployed, the cost of enterprises increases greatly, and the domestic price index quickly breaks through double digits. Therefore, both macro and micro costs are actually unbearable. Four factors hinder environmental governance from encountering great resistance from environmental protection departments in the process of law enforcement. Pan Yue, deputy director of the State Environmental Protection Administration, summed up four reasons: First, some places don't know enough about Scientific Outlook on Development and simply pursue economic growth. Some places have banned some small smelting, ferroalloy and small chemical projects with high energy consumption and heavy pollution.
Secondly, in attracting investment, some local governments unilaterally emphasize simplifying examination and approval and handling relevant procedures within a time limit. No matter whether the project will be polluted or not, it will be approved as long as it is invested. In some places, there are illegal phenomena such as "the will of the head" and "getting on the bus first and buying tickets later" in the environmental impact examination and approval of construction projects. Third, the quality of environmental impact assessment needs to be improved. Some EIA units do not insist on scientific evaluation, dare not speak with objective facts and scientific data, and the evaluation conclusion is vague. Ambiguous, pushing the conclusion of the environmental feasibility of the project to the examination and approval department, even a few EIA units resort to deceit, fabricate or tamper with data, or conceal facts, which seriously affects the implementation of the environmental impact assessment system, makes the environmental impact assessment a mere formality, and loses the minimum scientific and fair nature of the third-party consulting agency. Finally, information disclosure and public participation are insufficient. The current environmental impact assessment system in China is government-led. It is obviously not enough to supervise a large number of construction projects with limited government power. In fact, the obstacles encountered by EIA are more driven by the economic interests behind it. The real "environmental storm" has started. China is a big country with little room for manoeuvre in the environment. After the global resources and markets are basically divided up, it is also a rising country. Nothing can compare with some pioneer countries in China. Wait until the environment is extremely bad. However, China is also a developing country, and China is bound to develop its economy first and then control pollution. The history of all countries in the world shows that there is the same law between economic growth and environmental change: a country will have a period of rapid growth of environmental pollution with GDP in the process of industrialization. Especially in the era of heavy chemical industry: but when GDP grows to a certain extent, with the upgrading of industrial structure and the enhancement of residents' willingness to pay for the environment, the pollution level will suddenly drop with the growth of GDP after reaching the inflection point, until the pollution level returns to below the environmental capacity, which is the so-called environmental Kuznets curve. There is no doubt that the development process of Japan in that year was this law. It is impossible for China to cross such an era of heavy chemical industry. Because China has a large population and a large country, it is impossible for Finland to directly enter the high-tech era with the help of global division of labor under the condition of underdeveloped manufacturing. At the end of 1990s, the author once went back to his hometown in southern Jiangsu, and the scene of Qinghe reaching four townships and eight towns by boat as a child is gone forever. To my surprise, the main factor causing this situation is the most common domestic garbage. In China, even if the industry is underdeveloped, the pollutants brought by population growth are enough to make the environment worse to an unbearable degree. Even if we want to control such pollution, we need a lot of investment and economic foundation. China has a long way to go in pollution control, so it needs to act according to law to stop vicious environmental incidents and slow down the pace of environmental deterioration.