Basic introduction Chinese name: Dr. mbth: Dr. Pinyin: dài fu Interpretation: concept, basic information, basic explanation, quotation explanation, historical records, origin, types, basic meaning, official titles of Tang and Qing dynasties, basic information of word concept 1 See Mai's Three Chapters of Rong Zhai: Redundant Medical Profession. 2. Respect for doctors. 3. In the old society, the doctor was called a doctor. After the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the official titles flooded and gradually formed a social atmosphere. In ancient Chinese, the names of the two words "big sister" and "big sister" spread widely and became honorifics for doctors. It should be pointed out that the pronunciation of dàaifu is the archaic pronunciation of doctor title, and the so-called doctor Yunzhe was put forward several times after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The sudden change of Chinese pronunciation in the past thousand years has made modern people pronounce the word "doctor" as a great blessing according to the pronunciation of modern Chinese national language, and the word "doctor" should be a great blessing in folk slang and ancient Chinese pronunciation. Basic Explanation Doctor dà ifu [Doctor]: Doctor ◎ Doctor dàfū: The pronunciation of modern Chinese is actually the ancient official name dà ifu [senior official of feudal China]. In the vassal States after the Western Zhou Dynasty, the monarch had three levels: Qing, doctor and scholar. The "doctor" was hereditary and had fiefs. Later, the doctor became the name of a general official, which was too lonely. What crime did the doctor commit? -The ancient official name of Zuozhuan Xigong Thirty-three Years. In the pre-Qin vassal States, there were three levels under the monarch: Qing, doctor and scholar. Doctors are hereditary and have fiefs. Later generations took the doctor as their general official position. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the title of doctor was senior rank. Senior civil servants in Ming and Qing Dynasties were called doctors and generals with military titles. Qian Qing Qian Yi's Biography of Southern Falls: "It is said that you can become a doctor if you climb high." What is your "Yuan Keli Zi"? During the reign of Song Huizong, the rank of "doctor" was set among medical officials, so doctors are still called doctors today. Officials in Ming and Qing dynasties did not need doctors as official names. Quote and explain ancient official names.
In the Zhou Dynasty, there were ministers, doctors and scholars under the monarch. Each class is divided into upper, middle and lower levels. Later, I became an official doctor. There were still ancient Jinshi and Shumi in Tang and Song Dynasties, but they were abolished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ancient titles.
For example, in the Qin and Han dynasties, titles were divided into men's scholars and superiors, among which doctors ranked fifth, official doctors ranked sixth, official doctors ranked seventh and five doctors ranked ninth. See Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Table. During the Sui, Tang, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dr. Guanglu and Dr. Rong Lu were originally called civil servants, specially used for giving gifts. In the Song Dynasty, medical officials had different ranks, such as doctors, doctors, doctors and so on. Used as a courtesy title for a craftsman.
"Jing Ben Popular Novel Rolling Jade Guanyin": "Please ask your mother-in-law to talk to the doctor in the opposite bookstore." Historical records have a long history, as early as the Xia Dynasty ("Book of Rites" said: "Xia Houshi has 100 officials, the son of heaven has three officials, nine ministers, twenty-seven doctors and eighty-one men." )。 After Zhou, officials, ministers, doctors, scholars and other officials appeared. Tao is a new concept in the Warring States Period-"scholar-bureaucrat". Before that, doctors ranked behind doctors. In the ancient books of the Warring States period, the rank sequence is still represented by "doctor". "Xunzi's Theory of Rites" said: "The doctor has a constant Sect." "Lu Chunqiu Shang Nong" contains: "Therefore, the son of heaven personally led the vassal States to cultivate the land of the son of heaven, and all doctors and scholars made achievements." On the surface, scholar-officials and scholar-officials are just reversed, which actually reflects a major change: scholar-officials emphasize hierarchy; Scholar-bureaucrat refers to the stratum, which is characterized by a mixture of intellectuals and bureaucrats. In short, no matter before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a doctor refers to a person with a certain official position and title, and his social status is higher than that of a scholar. Why are scholars often crowned before doctors since the Warring States Period? This is the result of the rise of bureaucracy and the talent of scholars. Some people who were born as scholars rose to the top by their own talents, and a group of well-dressed and well-dressed people appeared. On the other hand, doctors in the Warring States period are different from those in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were mostly enfeoffed by clansmen and hereditary. Doctors in the Warring States period are evolving into a position and title in the bureaucratic system. Most doctors are no longer enfeoffed by clans, nor are they generally hereditary. Most of them are driven by scholars. "Scholar-bureaucrat" is the conceptual reflection of the above situation. From the perspective of the times, this concept became popular only after the mid-Warring States period. From the connotation point of view, scholar-officials mainly include the following two aspects: first, they refer to officials and people with positions. "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" says: "Sitting and talking about Tao is called a maharaja. Do what you do and call a scholar-bureaucrat. " In modern terms, a scholar-bureaucrat is a functional official. "Three Editions of Mozi" criticized that "the scholar-officials were tired of listening and ruled". This refers to all officials. "The Warring States Policy Qin Ce II" contains: "Congratulations from all the scholars." The scholar-officials here refer to the ministers and kings of the Chu court. "Xunzi Wang Ba" says: "Farmers divide the fields and plough, Jia divides the goods and sells them, and all the workers divide the work and persuade them, and the literati listen to it." Scholar-officials here refer to all the people on the job. "Jundao" also said: "People can do their own things and do their own things by acting according to virtue and according to their abilities. The upper saint made it three, the second saint made it a vassal, and the lower saint made it a scholar-bureaucrat, so it is obvious. " Scholar-officials refer to officials below the governor. Civil servants are called scholar-officials, and military officers are also called scholar-officials. "Xun Zi Yi Bing" contains: "Drums will die, officials will die, and scholars will die." Wu Zili's Poems: "So (Wei) Wuhou set up a temple, which is a three-character scholar." After Sui and Tang Dynasties, doctors were awarded senior titles. Senior civil servants in Qing dynasty were called doctors, and military titles were generals. During the reign of Song Huizong, the ranks were rearranged, and doctors were no longer under "doctors", so doctors are still called doctors today. Mingji Chen, for example, "Notes on the Japanese Yen Gongjia Temple of Emperor Tai Shang": "(Yuan Keli) was a treasure minister in the first dynasty, followed by a scholar-bureaucrat." There were many basic meanings of "doctor" in the Warring States period. First of all, talk about the relationship between doctors and professional titles. Is doctor in the Warring States period a special title? From some materials, there is no doubt about this, and look at the following records: "Shu Ren is definitely not right once (arbitrarily), and some scholars are right; Scholars are not always right, and doctors are also right; The doctor can't be right every time, and the prince is right ... "The sequence of Shu Ren-scholar-doctor-prince described here can be regarded as an administrative system and a hierarchical sequence. "Ancient funerals, there are ceremonies, there are ups and downs. The emperor's coffin weighs seven times, the princes five times, the doctors three times and the scholars three times. " "The emperor's coffin weighs ten times, the vassal weighs five times, the doctor weighs three times, and the scholar is heavier." These systems do not necessarily refer to the Warring States period, but they show that doctors are still a specific level. When talking about the disaster year, Mozi's Seven Bitterness put forward: "Jun Che Ding eats five fifths (Sun Yirang cloud: five is three mistakes), doctors cut the county, and scholars don't enter school." Explain that doctors are in the same class. "Guan Zheng" contains ... generals and doctors dare not take the temple, officials dare not take the court, and people's lives stop at the edge. "(Yi? Mencius was a man in the mid-Warring States period. He buried his mother in a different way from his father. His mother used three pots and his father used five pots. The reason is that "the former is a scholar and the latter is a doctor". This example shows that there is a clear hierarchy between doctors and doctors. Mencius said: "If you kill a scholar without guilt, then the doctor can go;" If you are innocent and slaughter people, then you can move. "Xunzi said," Wang Fumin, a bully of Fuji, made the country rich and became a doctor. "People, scholars and doctors are divided into three different grades. Judging from the above materials, in the eyes of people at that time, doctor was a specific title. Therefore, Mencius said, "Dr. Gong Qing, this person is also honored. "The title of doctor is between public officials and scholars. Doctor, as a title, is a broader rank, which is divided into different sub-ranks. The sub-ranks of doctor appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, but in the Warring States period, the situation was more complicated. These sub-ranks have the following different names: Five Doctors: In the State of Qin, Five Doctors are the ninth rank among the twenty knights. In addition, Wei, Zhao and Chu also have five doctors. Dr. Wu is a higher professional title among doctors. " "China Shang Jun Book" says: "Only five doctors, the tax city is 300. "Five doctors can go out to fight. According to Records of Historical Records and Qin Benji, in forty-five years in Zhao Xiang, five doctors attacked Korea and took ten cities. " "Biography of Fan Sui and Cai Zechuan" contains: "Make the five great men pacify Wei. "The tomb also led the division to attack Zhao with five people. Wei Ce IV, the Warring States Policy, records that there are five doctors in Wei State: "The envoy of Xinlingjun called him Anlingjun, saying,' If you send him up, I will treat him as five doctors and make him our envoy. Zhao Ce San, the Warring States Policy, recorded that Zhao also had five doctors: "Jianxin Jun said:' Qin made people to be officials and served as prime ministers (Bao note: making them the official subordinates of the prime minister), and they were honored as five doctors. "Lu Chunqiu Chang Jian", Chu is also in Five Blessingg, Chu "Jue Zhi (refers to amaranth? ) five great men. " "The Warring States Policy Chu Ce Yi" contains: "Chu said that the king of Chu wanted to take Zhao. The king and his five husbands, and make private. " In addition, Mozi Ling also has the language of "conferring five masters". Doctor Shang: Also known as Dr. Guo, Dr. Chang and Dr. Lie. Zhao, Wei and Qi all have it. "Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" contains: "The prince of Zhao thinks that virtuous doctors do not insult princes and worship relatives as doctors." According to "Historical Records Tian Jiazhong", Mr. Qi "raised his head and said that he would not die for medical treatment". "Doctor Shang" is also called "Doctor Lie". According to Records of Historical Records Biography of Meng Xun, Mr. Qi "has been called' Doctor Lie' since Chunyu Kun". There is a "doctor's imperial seal" in the national seal of Qi. Wei also had a doctor, and Yin Wenzi said, "Wang Wei gave jade as a gift and ate the doctor's money for a long time. "Lu Chunqiu Shen Xiao" records that Wuqi rewarded the man with "Doctor Long". G: Dr. Long, go to the doctor quickly. Dr. Chang is also called the doctor of the country. The same thing is recorded in "Han Feizi's Internal Storage Theory": "The doctor of the official country. Chinese medicine: Wei, Zhao and Qi. Chinese medicine is a rank and an official. From the development point of view, the Spring and Autumn Period is still a rank. Sometimes it is called an official and sometimes a rank during the Warring States period, which needs specific analysis. " Everything was done by Han Feizi, and the foreign reserve said the following: "Therefore, the method of gold is to go to the doctor twice and to the doctor once." This is also a clear level. "Xunzi Outline" contains: "Go to the doctor, Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine." "Everything goes wrong, and the foreign reserves say" Left ",and Wang Fengxiu is only in the chapter and Xu himself is a" Chinese medicine ". It is clearly pointed out that "Dr. China" is a "rearrangement" of the nobility, and all these materials say that Dr. China is one of the nobles. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Fan Sui, Wei had a "Chinese doctor" and Han Feizi Xiachu said that there was a "Chinese doctor" in the State of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. There is also a record of "Dr. China" in Guanzi. The number of mountains is numerous, and the weight is five. In addition to being a title, Dr. China has also evolved into an official position, which will be discussed below. Xiafu: During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was the title of Xiafu. In addition to the evidence cited in the last article, The Analects of Confucius, Hometown of Doing Work, said that Confucius "spoke to doctors, such as Kan Kan; "Have you talked to the doctor? Such as also ". There is no definite time for the doctors in Shang, Middle and Summer mentioned in the Outline of Xunzi. Whether there was a doctorate in the Warring States period is uncertain without other information. The records here are for reference only. Doctor: Wei is state-owned Everything is done in Tibet: "The county magistrate Pang Jing sent the city away, and the doctor Zhao Gong returned, set up a room and sent the city away. The city magistrate thought that the order had something to say to the public doctor, did not believe it, and even had no rape. " He said, "Pang Jing belongs to the doctor." Doctor Shangguan: I'm new to it. Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng: "Doctor Shangguan is in the same column with him, vying for favor." Jiang Liangfu's comment on Qu Yuan's Fu: "Chu officials and doctors are also doctors." Doctor: Doctor is not only a general term, but also a rank in the doctor rank system. Everything is done in "Everything is done in Tibet" refers to Wuqi. "The doctor said,' Who can attack the pavilion tomorrow? Doctor Ren Guo will give it to Tian Zhai. ""The doctor here is lower than the doctor. On the level of doctors, among the 20 products of Qin Dynasty, doctors are obviously divided into several different grades. The fifth level is called doctor, the sixth level is called official doctor, the seventh level is called public doctor, the eighth level is called public riding, and the ninth level is called five doctors. Li Xueqin thinks that these four levels can be called doctor level. Secondly, talk about doctors and official positions. Doctor is not only a title, but also an official position. There are two different situations for a doctor to be an official: one is to hold a certain official position with the title of doctor, as Xunzi Jundao said, "A doctor is good at being an official." Guan Fu said: "When a doctor is an official, he must act." On the other hand, "doctor" itself is an official title. In this case, an attribute is usually added before "doctor". Only the second case is mentioned here. Depending on the country, there are some different names as follows. Chinese medicine doctor's advice, Chinese medicine: Chinese medicine is originally a title and an official name. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the State of Qin has a "Chinese Medicine Order". "Justice": "According to the doctor's advice, Qin Guan also." "Korea? Books? Guan Bai Gong Qingbiao said, "Speak in the doctor's hand. "During the Warring States Period, Dr. China was an official, but not limited to this. Dr. China can also be a messenger. " Historical Records Biography of Fan Sui and Cai Ze contains: "Fan Sui was the first doctor in Zhong Wei, JOE." Book Five: "Ren Wei and he must learn from Dr. China. "It can also be a modern minister." Everything is done wrong in the Inner Chu "contains:" Dr. Zhong Qi has foreigners, and he is drunk when he drinks from you. "You can also be responsible for financial and economic responsibilities." The Light and Heavy Tube E says: "Let Wang Yi, a Chinese medicine practitioner, carry 20 million yuan, and the deer will live in Chu." "Even if China doctor Julian Waghann put people in the valley instead of money, he would go to the fox skin. "Supervisor: Responsible for supervision." Lu Chunqiu Ji: "It is the moon, which enables the doctors of the Fourth Prison to gather in the autumn of a hundred counties to support their sacrifices. "County magistrate doctor, garrison doctor: county magistrate. 《? Tube king? Article: "Ten counties are counties, and there are watcher doctors who order them to be officials, and county doctors retire from their homes." The county chief is also called "Wei Yi", and the "Wei Yi" in Guan Zi Shan Zhi Shu refers to the county chief. Dr. Du Yi: Governor. There are no counties in the State of Qi, which was called Doctor Du Yi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Historical records of Tian Jia's fate: "Xiangzi made all his brothers and people supervise the doctors." Dr Du Yi is also called "Dr Du Yi". Records include: Dr. Chengyang, Dr. Gai, Dr. Ping, Dr. Jimo, Dr. A, Dr. Linzi, etc. In addition, the Chief Executive is also called "Dr. Yi". The official seal of Sanjin bears "Dr. Yin Cheng Yi Jun Jin An". Third, the general term for doctors. "Doctor" is not only a title and official position, but also a general term, covering the complicated bureaucratic and aristocratic classes below the monarch. The following statement is proof: "The ministers of the country are all doctors." "If you want China, you can give Mencius a room and raise his disciples for 1000 minutes, so that all doctors and China people are proud." "About all yue xian, not also; All the doctors said that nothing could be done. " "Everything is wrong, and the foreign reserves say" the doctors including Fan Ju, who was appointed as the monarch. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Self-knowledge" says: "The swallow makes the doctor speak for himself." And so on, "doctor" refers to bureaucratic aristocrats. In addition, there are the following terms, which are also common terms. Doctor Qing: In Mozi Zhong, Guan Ji and unearthed inscriptions, there is the word "Doctor Qing". Scholar-bureaucrat: This is a new concept in the Warring States period. Before the Warring States period, scholars ranked behind doctors. In the Warring States period, the word "doctor" is still used. On the surface, "scholar-bureaucrat" and "scholar-bureaucrat" only reversed their positions, but they reflected an important change: scholar-bureaucrat emphasized the hierarchy, while scholar-bureaucrat referred to the stratum, which was a mixture of bureaucrats and intellectuals. The reason why scholars are ahead of doctors is the result of their great talents with the development of bureaucracy. People born in a scholar's family don't have to climb the stairs one by one as in the past. They often rely on their own talents to rise to the top of the world. So the doctor ran in front of the doctor. According to relevant records, the scholar-officials in the Warring States period mainly have two meanings: one refers to people who hold official positions and important positions. "Zhou Li takes an examination of Gong Ji" says: "Those who sit and talk are called princes, and those who walk are called doctors." Scholar-officials refer to functional officials. "Three Editions of Mozi" criticized "scholar-officials are tired of governance" and also referred to ordinary officials. "Warring States Policy Qin Ce II" contains Chu's "congratulations from various schools of thought", which refers to officials around the imperial court and kings. "Xunzi Powerful Country" recorded the official situation of Qin State: "Scholar-officials, go out of their doors and enter their public doors." It refers to all officials. Civil servants are called scholar-officials, and military attaché s also call it. "Xun Zi Yi Bing" contains: "Scholar-officials all die." Second, it refers to scholars with certain status. Meng Changjun's favorite pupil, Biography of Historical Records and Meng Changjun, called him a scholar, and Special Envoy of Warring States Policy said, "Today's scholar-officials are not ashamed of mud." Scholar-officials refer to ordinary literati. In a word, scholar-officials generally refer to intellectuals and bureaucrats. Doctor Xian: Questions and Answers on Laws and Regulations of Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips: How can you call an official a doctor? Officials and wise men all know the king, and more than 600 stone officials are prominent doctors. Doctor Zi: The doctor's honorific title, "Guan Jia": "Doctor Zi, don't take the whole grains with you. Please take Pingjia's son. "Doctor III: The Book of Guan Zi Shan Zhi is called" Doctor III ",and Ma's New Theory of Guan Zi's Light and Heavy Articles says:" San is listed as a doctor. "Doctor Ling: Guan Zi Guang Jia and Guang Zhong Yi B all talk about" Doctor Ling ". A doctor is a doctor. Being a doctor at the king's command is relatively advanced among doctors, so the doctor at point B is higher than the doctor at point B. To sum up, doctor is a complex concept, which should be analyzed according to different situations in writing. There are 29 levels of official titles in Tang Dynasty: from the first level, Kaifu instrument is the same as the third department, while the second level is special progress, from the second level to Guanglu doctor, from the third level to Zhengqing Guanglu doctor, from the fourth level to Zhengyi doctor, from the fourth level to Taizhong doctor, from the fifth level to Zhongsan doctor and from the fifth level to doctor. In the sixth grade, it was called Chaolang; In the sixth grade, his name is Cheng Lang; In the sixth grade, it was called Tong Lang; In the seventh grade, it was called Chaolang; In the seventh grade, it was called Xuan Delang; In the seventh grade, it was called Chaolang; In the seventh grade, he was called Xuan Ichiro; 8th grade, called Zheng Lang; 8th grade, called Cheng Lang; And in 8th grade, it's called Xuan Ichiro. In Qing dynasty, civil servants were divided into three categories: doctor, lang and Zuo lang, and military attache was divided into four categories: general, captain, riding captain and captain. The civilian doctor is an official with more than five grades, Lang is an official with six to eight grades, and Zuo Lang is an official with less than eight grades. Zhengcong Yipin: Dr. Guanglu and Dr. Rong Lu Yipin: Minister Doctor and Doctor Tongfeng Yipin: Doctor and Doctor Four Pins: Dr. Zhong Xian and Doctor Chao Five Pins: Dr. Feng Zhi Six Pins: Cheng Delang and Rulinlang Seven Pins: Wen, Zheng Eight Pins: Xiuzhilang, Xiuzhilang Nine Pins: Deng Zuolang.