The control and management of project cost is to study and compare the project cost in the decision-making stage, design stage and construction project implementation stage, to control the construction project cost within a scientific and reasonable range, and to correct the deviation at any time according to the progress of the project, so as to ensure the realization of the investment goal of project management, and strive to make rational use of manpower, material resources and financial resources at all stages of project construction to obtain better investment benefits and social benefits. The cost control of each stage is interrelated, which requires us to establish a scientific and perfect project cost management system, standardize and institutionalize the pricing, examination, determination, settlement and final accounts of the project, and establish a set of powerful supervision and inspection mechanisms and reward and punishment measures. At the same time, how to determine the cost reasonably, so that all kinds of resources can be fully and reasonably allocated to achieve better investment and social benefits is also a problem that needs to be studied.
Basic principles of determination and control of project cost
Due to the long construction period and the influence and restriction of various external factors, it is difficult to determine a correct cost at the initial stage of the project. With the development and deepening of the project, the understanding of the project is more comprehensive, so the cost estimation is more reasonable. Therefore, reasonable determination and effective control of project cost should follow the following points:
1. According to the characteristics of different stages, pricing must be carried out many times in the whole construction process. Due to the large-scale construction project, long construction period, complex technology and large consumption of people and property, once the decision is wrong, it will cause irreparable huge economic losses. In order to reasonably determine the cost, only by reasonably determining the cost accuracy at different stages according to the construction procedure can the rationality of the cost be fully reflected.
2. The project cost control should run through the whole process of the construction project, and the focus of control should be shifted to the early stage of the project construction, that is, to the decision-making and design stage of the project. Once an investment decision is made, the focus of control should be on the design stage. However, for many years, China's construction projects have generally ignored the importance of the early stage of project construction, and the focus of cost control is mainly on the late stage of project construction and even the final settlement stage of the project, so the phenomenon of over-investment often occurs. Some projects even invested significantly more than planned after completion, thus building a large number of projects with poor benefits.
3, the project cost control should have the system guarantee, establish and improve the whole process of construction project supervision (including cost supervision) and cost control system. Practice has proved that all projects that implement supervision and cost control system in the implementation stage of construction projects can achieve satisfactory economic and social benefits. But at present, this system has not been implemented in the early stage of construction projects in China. On the premise of meeting the specifications, due to the influence of experience, level or other factors, the cost of design results will be quite different, and conservative design ideas will also keep the project cost high. Therefore, it is particularly important to implement the whole process supervision and cost control system of construction projects.
Implement the whole process supervision and cost control system of construction projects.
1, supervision (including cost supervision) system must be implemented in the early stage of project construction. Through the supervision of the design process, the design tends to be reasonable, the cost is controlled within the limits, and the maximum output is truly achieved with the minimum input. On the one hand, actively promote the "quota design" method, which is an effective way proved by practice. This is not only an economic problem, more precisely, it is a technical and economic problem. This "quota design" can effectively control the project cost of the whole project. In order to make the "quota design" achieve the expected purpose, the participating designers should be experienced and understand the technical economy. Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable in cost. On the other hand, controlling the project cost requires multi-scheme comparison, because the design result is a process of gradual improvement, which can not be determined at the beginning, so multi-scheme comparison is an important means to measure its practicality, advancement and economy.
In order to effectively control the project cost in the early stage of construction, measures should be taken from the aspects of organization, technology and economy. The organizational measures are to define the organizational structure of the project, cost control personnel and their tasks, so that each part of the cost has a special person in charge; The technical measures are to strictly check and supervise the design in each stage, review the design scheme from the technical and economic point of view, and deeply study the possibility of saving investment; The economic measures are to dynamically compare the planned value with the actual value of the cost, strictly examine the cost, and adjust the design scheme according to the design progress.
China's engineering design field has not achieved the optimal combination of technology and economy for a long time. Technicians lack economic concepts and conservative design ideas, which makes the economy of design results not fully reflected. Therefore, the problem we have to solve now is to organically combine organization, technology and economy in the process of engineering construction with the aim of improving economic benefits. Through economic analysis, technical comparison and effect evaluation, correctly handle the relationship between advanced technology and economic rationality, and strive to be economical and reasonable under the condition of advanced technology and advanced technology on the basis of economic rationality.
2. In the process of project implementation, it is very important to implement cost monitoring. Cost engineers should fully grasp and use the bidding documents, contract agreements and related design and construction documents. Based on the reasonable bill of quantities, we should grasp the key links of measurement and payment, carefully examine the payment application, and make every sum of funds be controlled and paid reasonably. In the process of project implementation, cost engineers should not only control all kinds of costs, but also master the national laws and regulations on project cost, collect all kinds of price information, understand the price dynamics, and sort out and analyze all kinds of cost information. Obviously, it is difficult to complete the above work without rich economic knowledge and solid technical foundation. This puts forward higher requirements for cost engineers.
The core content of project cost control is to dynamically control and manage the cost with the market as the center. The complexity of a construction project determines its multiple pricing, and the cost dynamics of each stage corresponding to the construction process reflect the total cost of the project. Especially in the project implementation stage, due to the change of external conditions, factors that are not fully considered in the design stage are often exposed, which leads to design changes and cost changes. This requires cost engineers to study and analyze the problems existing in the operation of construction projects in time, and take corrective measures in time to achieve the goal smoothly. This stage is the most centralized process of dynamic cost control. A lot of work of cost engineers should also be completed at this time.
Comprehensively improve the management level of project cost.
Project cost management is a comprehensive subject. It is a policy-oriented, technical, economical and practical work based on the national guidelines and policies on engineering construction and involving and applying the achievements of other technical and economic disciplines. It can be seen that the cost engineer should have a thorough understanding of the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations, etc., in addition to the in-depth understanding of professional knowledge. We should also have rich practical experience and integrate technical and economic knowledge. Cost engineers are talents with multi-level knowledge. Today, with the gradual improvement of market economy system and increasingly diversified investment, a large number of cost engineers are urgently needed to provide scientific decision-making basis for project investment. To meet the above requirements, we should start from the following aspects:
1. Establish a group of truly independent engineering cost consulting institutions to play an intermediary role between owners and contractors. In the management of government investment projects, the activities of consulting institutions make it unnecessary for the government to directly manage projects, but rely on indirect means to achieve the purpose of regulation and management. In this process, the cost engineer has the same status as other professional engineers, which restricts and influences each other and plays an active role in engineering construction. This can not only liberate government officials from complex economic activities, but also give full play to the initiative and creativity of engineering cost professionals. They not only provide high-quality, convenient and comprehensive cost management services for owners, but also provide professional engineering cost consulting services for government departments.
2. Strengthen the accumulation and analysis of project cost data. Engineering cost specialty is a practical specialty. Without accumulating experience and mastering methods, it is impossible to carry out work. Therefore, in order to improve the compilation level of project cost, both units and individuals must attach great importance to the accumulation, collation and analysis of data. In developed countries, all kinds of basic cost data, including labor, materials, equipment consumption and prices, land prices, financing interest rates, profits of all parties, etc. Generally, it is not uniform and fixed, and it is completely determined by the market or actual needs, and managed by cost management professionals and professional groups. Many engineering cost consulting companies, societies and academic groups regularly publish all kinds of latest cost data and price information to realize the social sharing of cost information resources. These methods, which have been proved to be effective by the experience of developed countries, should be used for reference and a data accumulation and analysis system suitable for China's national conditions should be developed.
3. Improve the advanced education of engineering cost specialty and the re-education activities of on-the-job personnel. Because project cost management is closely related to the economic interests of all parties in the construction project and plays a very important guiding role in the economic activities of the whole society, educational institutions should be urged to set up professional courses of project cost according to the quality requirements of the market for cost management talents, and formally train senior talents of project cost specialty. The setting of its professional courses should also be completely determined according to the market demand and the requirements of talent quality. It is necessary to offer not only various engineering courses such as building structure and machinery, but also basic courses such as economy, finance, cost, probability and mathematical statistics. At the same time, we should also offer new courses such as system engineering, value engineering, technical economy, econometrics, computer and management science to expand our knowledge and enlighten our thinking. As an industry management organization, the Engineering Cost Society should regularly carry out continuing education for on-the-job personnel. Educational institutions and industry management institutions constitute a complete education system. Create conditions for the growth of senior talents in the field of engineering cost.
4. Self-study and improvement of engineering cost professionals. Generally speaking, there is still a big gap between the quality of personnel in China's engineering cost industry and the requirements of society. So study hard and keep up with the times. In addition to updating and improving professional knowledge, we should also extensively understand and preliminarily master relevant engineering and technical professional knowledge in combination with our work. Only by mastering the project content comprehensively can we control the project cost well. Imagine, if we don't know much about the project with cost and are very vague about its professional knowledge, how can we control the investment? Engineering cost practitioners should first be experts in this field, but also experts in engineering. Only high-level talents can work out high-level project cost. The status of a major is directly proportional to the role it plays. We should improve our personal level, gradually improve the working level of the whole industry and play our due role in China's modernization drive.
It is a systematic project to effectively control the project cost and improve the level of project cost compilation. We need not only a high-quality team of experts, but also supporting government policies and social environment.
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