Keywords: Sanyan Erpai Linguistics Lexical Grammar
Feng Menglong's beauty, beauty and xing Yan in Ming Dynasty and Ling Mengchu's first surprise and second surprise in Ming Dynasty are collectively called "three words and two beats". Sanyan Erpai is a famous collection of vernacular novels in Ming Dynasty. Its language is simple and easy to understand, which basically reflects the actual appearance of spoken English in Ming Dynasty. It is not only an important material for the study of modern Chinese, but also one of the important fields of linguistic research in recent twenty years. According to Zhang Yuping's Index of Modern Chinese Studies 1987 ~ 2007, from 1987 ~ 2007, there were 58 papers on the linguistic problems of "Sanyan Erpai", with monograph 1 department. According to the statistical results of the national newspaper index ①, from 2008 to 20 1 1, there were more than 20 papers on the linguistics of "San Yan Er Pai". Generally speaking, the above achievements are mainly concentrated in vocabulary and grammar, and there are relatively few achievements in pronunciation and writing. Based on the above research results, this paper intends to discuss the basic situation of the linguistic research of "Sanyan Erpai".
First, the main areas of vocabulary research in Sanyan Erpai
(A) textual research and interpretation of the text
Although "Sanyan Liangpai" is popular as a whole, there are still many common sayings and difficult words, so many papers focus on word textual research. For example, in Wang Weihui's Shuo Wen Jie Zi, more than 20 words with special meaning, special usage and uncollected words in Er Pai were selected for textual research and interpretation by means of comparing materials, looking up dictionaries and textual research of modern dialects, which made up for the shortcomings in the interpretation and citation of large dictionaries, but unfortunately, no further tracing work was done. Other research papers include Zhou Zhifeng's Notes on Words. In addition, Japanese scholar Xiang Junyi's A Study of Vernacular Vocabulary (Zhonghua Book Company, 1997) talks about lexical grammar in Erpai in many places, while Tan's A Study of Sanyan Erpai Language (Bashu Book Company, 2005) focuses on grammar, language characteristics and other issues, but the part of lexical research also focuses on the textual research of some difficult customs.
(B) the study of dialect words
The language foundation of Sanyan Erpai is Mandarin, but it also has a certain dialect color. Many scholars have made a special study on this: Guo Qinna's Shaanxi Dialect Words in Three Words combined with the oral usage of modern Shaanxi dialect, traced some dialect words in Sanyan Erpai, and studied the relationship between these words and modern Chinese vocabulary. Yan Junping's Surprise of Zunyi Dialect and Shi Xiaobo's Analysis of Words in Guanzhong Dialect infer the relationship between Surprise of Zunyi Dialect and Guanzhong Dialect from two aspects of tone and vocabulary, and generally follow the same idea. From the perspective of dialects, scholars have chosen different perspectives to explore the linguistics of "Sanyan Erpai", or focused on the time description and diachronic comparative study of dialect words, or textual research on dialect words in a certain place, or explored the influencing factors behind dialects, thus enriching the dialect research of "Sanyan Erpai".
(C) "Sanyan Erpai" vocabulary and modern Chinese vocabulary comparison
"Sanyan Erpai" reflects the spoken language in the late Ming Dynasty, and it is in the transition stage from modern Chinese to modern Chinese. Therefore, many scholars are committed to exploring the relationship between the words of "Sanyan Erpai" and modern Chinese vocabulary. For example, Kuang Pengfei's Comparative Study of Words and Modern Chinese makes a comparative study of Surprise on the Table and modern Chinese from five aspects: the disappearance of words, the change of word forms, the evolution of word meanings, the lexicalization of phrases and homographs, finds out the differences and analyzes the reasons, thus revealing the lexical differences between Ming Dynasty Chinese and modern Chinese. Zhang Yiming and others used diachronic and * * * methods to roughly outline the evolution track of Chinese vocabulary from 300 years ago to modern Chinese. What is slightly insufficient is that no scholars have made an exhaustive analysis of the words related to modern Chinese in Sanyan Erpai.
(4) Multidisciplinary vocabulary research, including business vocabulary, economic vocabulary and legal vocabulary.
Vocabulary is all-encompassing, and each subject has its own professional vocabulary. Some words are very professional, but they are also quite prominent in the field of language communication. Therefore, more and more scholars begin to pay attention to the research of professional vocabulary of Sanyan Erpai. For example, in Liu's research on Erpai business vocabulary, using modern semantic theories such as semantic field and sememe analysis, Erpai business vocabulary is regarded as a large semantic field, and then divided into several sub-semantic fields to comprehensively analyze the meaning of each semantic field. Later, some scholars studied the economic vocabulary and legal vocabulary in San Yan Er Pai.
In short, in terms of vocabulary research, in recent years, the research on vocabulary system and the law of vocabulary development has been gradually promoted, and some achievements have been made, but there are still many shortcomings: focusing on the textual research of words, ignoring the common words and their word formation in Sanyan Erpai; The development of word meaning and the study of word meaning system are hardly involved; The study of specialized words involves idioms and proverbs, but not synonyms, antonyms, biased words and loanwords. Lexical studies are rarely combined with cultural studies.
Second, the main areas of grammar research of "Sanyan Erpai"
(A) the study of parts of speech
Different parts of speech have different characteristics in form, meaning and function, and the discussion of parts of speech is one of the ways to explain the law of language construction. The study of parts of speech is a hot topic in this paper, and verbs, adverbs, numerals, quantifiers, auxiliary words and prepositions in Sanyan Erpai are all involved. Nouns, verbs and adjectives are the parts of speech with the largest number of members in Chinese, and the works in this field are mainly in the study of disyllabic verbs in Xiang Feng. The research on adverbs, quantifiers, prepositions and auxiliary words is relatively complete and systematic, including Xu Jingjing's research on quantifiers.
Individual function words. Function words refer to words that cannot be used as grammatical components. They are the main means to express grammatical relations and grammatical categories in Chinese. Many articles discuss the usage of individual function words in San Yan Er Pai. For example, from the perspective of the origin of the approximate word "Ba", Dong Weiguang thinks that the surprise at the first moment can reflect the origin of the approximate word "Ba", and the article also analyzes the diachronic evolution level and quantitative evaluation color of "X Ba". Other papers focus on the classification and analysis of the usage of individual function words, revealing the source, comparing and revealing the evolution track, and combining dynamic research with static research to reveal the grammatical characteristics of modern Chinese. Such as Xian's series of papers (2) analyze and describe the auxiliary words "de" and "jiang" with the theory of "three planes", and compare them with modern Mandarin from a historical perspective. Apart from the typical function words "de, Jiang, Geng, Jiang, Ba", other function words are rarely discussed.
(B) word formation research
Disyllabic words are an important form of Chinese vocabulary, which refers to words composed of two or more syllables. The general trend of Chinese is from monosyllabic words to disyllabic words. What about this two-syllable situation? This is a simple method to study the structural features of Chinese vocabulary. Some scholars have analyzed the word formation of disyllabic words in San Yan Er Pai. For example, Ni Yongze's Research on Chinese Disyllabic Words holds that the disyllabic words in this book are characterized by "combination and formality", which verifies the disyllabic and accelerated trend of Chinese vocabulary and reveals the evolution law of modern Chinese vocabulary.