First, the formation and use of the building plan
1, Formation of Architectural Plan
The architectural scheme is to use an imaginary horizontal section to cut the house along a position slightly higher than the window sill, remove the upper part, and project the rest to the horizontal plane. The horizontal section obtained is called building plan, which is called plan for short.
2, the content of the building plan.
The building plan reflects the plane shape of the new building, the position, size and relationship of rooms, the position, thickness, material, cross-sectional shape and size of columns, and the position and type of doors and windows.
3, the purpose of the building plan
It is an important basis for building setting out, building walls, installing doors and windows, indoor and outdoor decoration, and compiling project budget, and it is also an important drawing in building construction.
Second, the graphic method of building plan
1, number of building plans
Generally speaking, there are several floors in a house. You should draw several floor plans and write the corresponding names at the bottom of the floor plans. Because the middle floor structure and layout of multi-storey (high-rise) houses are basically the same, just draw a plan.
2, the building plane line
The plan view is essentially a section view, and the contour lines of the walls and columns cut by the section plane are represented by thick solid lines. Uncut parts, such as outdoor steps, aproll, stairs and dimension line, are indicated by thin solid lines. The opening line of the door is indicated by a thin solid line.
3, the proportion of the building plan
The common scale of building plan is 1: 50, 1: 100 or 1: 200. The most commonly used one is 1: 100.
Third, the graphic content of the building plan
1. indicates all shafts and their numbers, as well as the positions and dimensions of walls, columns and piers.
2. Indicate the names of all rooms and the location, quantity and size of their doors and windows.
3. Pay attention to the relevant indoor and outdoor dimensions and the elevation of the indoor floor.
4. Indicate the location of elevators and stairs, the up-and-down direction and main dimensions of stairs.
5. Indicate the location and size of balconies, awnings, steps, slopes, flues, ventilation pipes, tube wells, fire ladders, rainwater pipes, aprons, drainage ditches and flower ponds.
6. Draw the position and shape of indoor equipment, such as sanitary ware, pool, workbench, partition and important equipment.
7. Indicates the location and dimensions of basements, pits, ditches, reserved holes in walls, high windows, etc.
8. On the bottom floor plan, the cutting symbol and number of the section should also be drawn.
9. Mark the symbols of related parts.
10. Draw a compass in the lower left corner or lower right corner of the bottom plan.
1 1. The roof plan shall generally show: parapet, gutter, roof slope, watershed and rainwater outlet, deformation joint, stairwell, water tank room, skylight, manhole, fire escape and other structures, index symbols, etc.
Fourth, read the building plan.
(A) the bottom floor plan reading
1. Know the name and scale of the floor plan.
2. Understand the orientation of the building.
3. Understand the layout of the building.
4. Understand the dimensions on the building plan.
The dimensions marked on the building plan are the dimensions of the unadorned structural surface.
The construction area of a building refers to the area surrounded by the outer contour line of the first floor of the external wall.
The usable area refers to the total net area in the building plan that can be directly used for production or life.
The construction area refers to the sum of the horizontal areas around the external wall structure of each floor. Including usable area, auxiliary area and structural area.
Plane area utilization coefficient K= usable area/building area × 100%
5. Understand the elevation of each component in the building.
6. Know the location and quantity of doors and windows.
7. Understand the cutting position and index mark of the building section.
8. Understand the layout of professional equipment.
(2) Read the standard floor plan and the top floor plan.
In order to simplify the drawing, what has been displayed on the bottom plan is no longer displayed on the standard plan and the top plan.
The awning displayed on the second floor plan is no longer drawn on the top floor plan.
When reading the standard plan and the top plan, we should focus on comparing the similarities and differences with the bottom plan.
(3) Read the roof plan
Roof plan mainly reflects the position of skylight, water tank, iron ladder, ventilation pipe, parapet and deformation joint. On the roof, there are also the code of standard atlas, roof drainage division, drainage direction, slope, position and size of rainwater outlet, etc.
02 building elevation
I. Formation, use and naming of the facade
The orthographic drawing made on the vertical projection plane parallel to the building facade is called the building facade. The facade mainly reflects the height, appearance and decoration requirements of various parts of the house, and is the main basis for the external decoration of the building.
There are three ways to name an elevation:
1, named after the direction: a certain facade of a building faces that direction, which is called the facade in that direction.
2. Named after the appearance features: the side of the building that reflects the main entrance or exit or significantly reflects the appearance features is called the front facade, and the other facades are the back facade, the left facade and the right facade in turn.
3. Named after the front and rear axes in the building plan: named from left to right according to the axis of the observer facing the building.
These three naming methods can be used in construction drawings, but each set of construction drawings can only be named in one of them.
Two, the graphic content of the building elevation and the prescribed drawing method.
1, basic content
(1) The building facade mainly shows the shape of the building facade;
(2) The distribution, shape and opening direction of doors and windows on the facade;
(3) the shape and position of the roof, balcony, steps, awnings, windowsills, footholds and storm drains;
(4) Exterior wall decoration practices;
(5) The relative elevation and detailed index symbols of indoor and outdoor floors, window sills, balcony surfaces, awnings and cornices.
2, specifications and requirements
(1) Positioning axis
Generally, only the axes and numbers at both ends of the drawing are marked, and their numbers should be consistent with the plan.
(2) Draw lines
(1) The outline of the facade is indicated by a thick solid line;
② The outdoor floor line is represented by a thick solid line (the line width is about 1.4 times of the thick solid line);
(3) Windows and doors, cornices, balconies, awnings, steps, etc. Use a solid line;
(4) The rest, such as wall separation lines, door and window grids, rainwater pipes and outgoing lines, etc. Indicated by thin solid lines.
(3) Legend
On the facade, doors and windows should be drawn according to the legend specified in the standard.
(4) dimensioning method
On the elevation view, the height dimension is mainly represented by the elevation. Generally, the elevation of indoor and outdoor terraces, the first floor, the upper and lower openings of window opening 9, the top surface of parapet, the entrance platform surface and the lower side of awning should be paid attention to.
(5) Exterior wall decoration practices
According to the design requirements, different materials and practices can be selected for the external wall. On the drawing, more text descriptions with guide lines are selected.
Third, the facade reading examples
1. Understand the external shape of the building from the front elevation, and compare it with the plan to deeply understand the details such as the shape and location, name, awning and steps of the roof.
2. Understand the height of the building from the facade.
3. Understand the architectural decoration practices.
4. Understand the meaning of index symbols on the facade.
5. Learn about other elevations
6. Establish the overall shape of the building.
03 building profile
First, the formation and use of architectural overview
Imagine cutting a building with one or more vertical sections, and the obtained section is called building section, which is called section for short. The building profile is used to show the internal structure of the building, vertical stratification, floor and roof structure of each floor, relevant dimensions and elevations, etc.
Stairs, doors and windows, and typical parts with complex structures are often used as cutting positions. The number of profiles depends on the complexity of the building and the actual needs of construction. The name of the profile must be consistent with the cutting position and direction marked on the bottom plan.
Second, the graphic content of the profile and the prescribed drawing method
1, positioning axis
The positioning axis of each bearing wall to be cut, as well as the axis number and size consistent with the plan, should be marked.
Step 2 draw a line
Indoor and outdoor floor lines are represented by thick solid lines; The part below the ground, disconnected from the foundation wall, is represented by the structural construction drawing; The scale of the profile shall be consistent with that of the plan and elevation;
(1) The plaster layer may not be drawn for the part with the scale less than 1: 50, but the surface lines of the floor and roof shall be drawn;
(2) For the section with the scale greater than 1: 50, the surface lines of plastering layer, ground and roof shall be drawn, and the material legend shall be drawn;
(3) The profile with the scale of 1: 50 should draw the surface line of the floor and roof, and the surface line of the plastering layer should be determined as required;
Generally, material legend symbols are not drawn in cross sections. The contour lines of walls, beams and slabs cut by the cutting plane are represented by thick solid lines, and the parts that are not cut but visible are represented by thin solid lines. The cut reinforced concrete beams and slabs are painted black. But it is appropriate to draw the surface lines of the floor and roof.
3, size annotation method
In the profile, the segment size and elevation in the vertical direction shall be indicated.
A vertical section size: generally divided into three ways.
2. Elevation: mark the elevation of the cut exterior wall doors and windows, outdoor ground elevation, cornice and parapet top elevation and floor elevation.
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