Yanta North Square, Furong Evening News, weiyang district and Chanba Cable-Stayed Bridge Xi 'an, formerly known as Chang 'an, are located at the northern foot of Qinling Mountain in the middle of Guanzhong Plain in the Yellow River Basin, across the north and south banks of Weihe River. Hua Yue in the east, Taibai in the west, Qinling in the south and Lishui in the north. In history, more than ten dynasties, including Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin State, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Xin Mang, Zhao Qian, Pre-Qin Dynasty, Post-Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, established their capitals here for more than a thousand years, especially the powerful Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui and Tang Dynasties, which made it the capital city and added its strong cultural atmosphere. "Central Qin has been a country of emperors since ancient times", which is a famous sentence of Du Fu, a poet sage in the Tang Dynasty, in the poem Autumn Xing.
The central part of Qin dynasty, namely Guanzhong, refers to the Weihe plain area with Xi 'an as the center. There is Hangu Pass in the east, Big Three Pass in the west and Wuguan in the south, so it is called Guanzhong. The southern part of Guanzhong area is the Qinling Mountains, which is the dividing line between the northern and southern climate zones of China, and the northern part is the rolling hills, where the rushing Weihe River flows and nourishes the fertile land on both sides. From Baoji in the west to Tongguan in the east, the Weihe River basin, including Chang 'an, is known as the "800-Li Qinchuan". This area has fertile land, developed economy and dense population, and has enjoyed the reputation of "land and sea" and "abundance" since ancient times. There are criss-crossing rivers in Xi 'an, which is called "Eight Rivers Around Chang 'an". "Bashui" refers to eight rivers, including Jing, Wei, Chan, Ba, Feng, Luan, Lao and Lian. Guanzhong area has been known as "the country with four blockades" since ancient times. The territory is rich in mountains and rivers, and it is independent and closed. At the same time, from Guanzhong to Hanguguan, you can contact the Central Plains; More than a thousand dragons in the west can communicate with Hexi; South Vietnam Qinling, up to Bashu and Jianghan; Going north to the Loess Plateau, you can enter the north and south of Yinshan Mountain, which is very open and extroverted. Therefore, Xi 'an is very important in military strategy.
Xi is the civilization center of the eastern world and an ancient capital with thousands of years' history. Together with Rome, Athens, and Cairo, Egypt, it is also called "the four ancient capitals in the world" and ranks first among the six ancient capitals in China. Edit this passage in Nanjing
Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, Presidential Palace, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Jiming Temple Nanjing is one of the four ancient capitals and historical and cultural cities in China. For thousands of years, the surging Yangtze River not only gave birth to the Yangtze River civilization, but also gave birth to Nanjing, a city in the south of the Yangtze River. Nanjing Jinjiang is surrounded by water, surrounded by mountains and rivers, Zhongshan Longlong and strange stones, with beautiful mountains and rivers and numerous historical sites. As early as the 1930s, after the famous writer Zhu Ziqing visited Nanjing, he commented in the article Nanjing: "Visiting Nanjing is like visiting an antique shop, and there are some traces of the erosion of the times everywhere. You can ponder, you can mourn, you can daydream leisurely ... "
Nanjing is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the southeast of China, bordering the fertile Yangtze River Delta in the east, Ningzhen hills in the south, Anhui and Jiangxi mountainous areas in the west and Jianghuai Plain in the north. Known as the "southeast gateway, north and south throat". Nanjing is surrounded by low mountains, surrounded by mountains and waters, with unique natural features. The area spans the Shanxi section of Ningzhen. If Zhongshan in the east of the city is winding and the rocky mountain in the west is like a tiger, there is a saying that "Zhongshan is winding and Shicheng is by the tiger". The Yangtze River flows from west to south, and then turns to the east. Qinhuai River and Jinchuan River meander in the city; Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are magnificent and beautiful.
Qinhuai, since the Jin Dynasty, has been a place of foul smoke and gold dust in the Six Dynasties. There is a well-known sentence in Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai: "The smoke cage is cold and the gauze cage is cold at night, and Qinhuai is near the restaurant at night. Businessmen and women don't know how to hate the country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river. " Historically, six dynasties, including Song Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Liang Dynasty, Chen Dynasty, Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties, all established their capitals here. Southern Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty (Hongwunian), Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Kuomintang government also established their capitals here. Nanjing is known as the "Six Dynasties Resort and Ten Dynasties Metropolis".
Dr. Sun Yat-sen commented on the geographical environment of Nanjing in the General Plan for the Founding of the People's Republic of China: "It is located in a beautiful and good area. There are mountains, deep waters and plains on land. These three kinds of excellence are one place, Yu Zhong, which is hard to find in the world metropolis. And it happens to be in the center of the richest areas on both sides of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The future development of Nanjing is limitless. "
City construction
Yuecheng: 472 BC
Jinling Post: 333 BC
Jianye: AD 2 1 1.
Jiangning house: 937 AD.
Healthy house: A.D. 1 127
Nanjing (Yingtianfu): AD 1368.
Nanjing house: AD 19 12.
Nanjing Special City (Capital Special City): AD 1927.
Nanjing: A.D. 1930.
Nanjing (municipality directly under the Central Government):1949 May 10.
Nanjing (municipality under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province): 1953 65438+ 10 month.
Nanjing (sub-provincial city): A.D. 1995 Edited by Beijing.
The Forbidden City, Beijing CBD, National Grand Theatre and Beihai Park Beijing are located at the junction of the northwest edge of North China Plain and Yanshan Mountains of Taihang Mountain, east of Bohai Sea. There are Dujun Mountain in the north, Xishan Mountain in the west, and plains formed by alluvial rivers such as Yongding River and Chaobai River in the southeast, which slowly tilt towards the Bohai Sea. Five rivers run through the territory, with Chaobai River and North Canal in the east and Yongding River and Juma River in the west. The terrain of Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. In the west, it is the remnants of Taihang Mountain, and in the north, it is the Du Jun of Yanshan Mountain. The two mountains intersect at the south exit of Guangou, forming a semicircular mountain bend and spreading to the southeast. People call it "Beijing bend", and the small plain it surrounds is the Beijing small plain. Look at the topography of Beijing, which is surrounded by mountains and seas, and the situation is magnificent. The ancients said: "The land of Youzhou has the sea on the left, the Taihang Mountain on the right, the Yongjiang River in the north, the great river in the south, the Central Plains and the land of abundance."
The earliest name in Beijing was thistle. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the ruling center of the northern governors of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji State and Yan State respectively. Historically, Beijing was the capital of the Liao Dynasty (then called Nanjing, also called Yanjing) and the capital of the Jin Dynasty. 1267, Mongolian leader Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. Kyle Poirot, an Italian traveler, called it "an unparalleled metropolis in the world" in his travels. Since then, Beijing has replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals as the political center of China, and has been the political, economic and cultural center of China since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Edit this paragraph in Luoyang
On the south bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River in Luoyang, the scenic spot of Lijingmen in Sui and Tang Dynasties was known as the "hinterland of Kyushu" and was called Yuzhou in ancient times. It is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization, and it is named because it is located in the Yang of the Luohe River. Because Luoyang is located in the Central Plains, with mountains and water, Qinling Mountains in the west and Qinchuan in Guanzhong. East of Song Yue; Risks to the north of Taihang and the Yellow River; Looking at Funiu Mountain in the south, Chiba is more than enough. "The mountains and rivers are the highest, and the situation is the best in the world." It is known as "surrounded by mountains on all sides, six rivers are parallel, eight customs are all cities, and ten provinces are thoroughfares".
Luoyang has a history of civilization of more than 3,000 years, and the rise of the city has a history of more than 4,000 years. Since the establishment of Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC,/kloc-0th/3rd dynasties have established their capitals here, which is known as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties". Since ancient times, poets and poets have gathered here, so it is known as the "capital of poetry". Peony is full of flowers and has the reputation of "flower among flowers". Luoyang is also the cradle of Chinese culture, and the Heluo culture represented by the Book of Hutuluo is the source of Chinese civilization.
Name of dynasty: when the emperor established the capital.
In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from Wang Ping to Kuaiwang, Luoyi (on both sides of Jian River) was 77 1- 256 BC in 25 years BC.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, went to Xian Di, and it was *** 12 years-190 years.
Cao Wei, Luoyang, an ancient city, was the Emperor Wen of the Yuan Dynasty, ***5 Emperor 22 1 year -265.
From Emperor Wudi of Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty to Emperor Cheng, ***4 was Emperor 265-3 13.
Luoyang, the ancient city of Northern Wei and Han Wei, from Emperor Xiaowen to Liang Wudi, 493-534.
606-6 18 Yang Di and Emperor Gong, the capital of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in Tokyo.
Wu Zetian, Wuzhou Ancient City of Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties
909-9 13 years Taizu, Yingdi, Huangdi, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the western capital of Houliang.
Zhuang Zong, Mingzong, Mindy and Modi, the ancient cities in Sui and Tang Dynasties and the eastern capital of the later Tang Dynasty, were 923-936 respectively.
The number of dynasties in Luoyang is recognized as the ancient capital of nine dynasties. With the archaeological discovery, Erlitou Site of Yanshi and Yanshi Mall are both famous ancient capitals. In recent years, some scholars believe that Luoyang should be the ancient capital of 13 dynasties.
Xia Yanshi Erlitou Taikang, Zhong Kang and Heqian 2070- Qian 1600.
Shang Tang, Waibing, Renzhong, Taijia, etc. 1600- 1046 BC, in the ditch of Shixiang Township, Bo Yan, Western Shang Dynasty.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi, Chengzhou and Chanhe were kings, and Kang Wang, Zhao Wang and Wang Mu were 1046-771year ago.
At the end of Jin Dynasty, Xijing, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ancient city of Gaozu was 936-938 (about 2 years).
Luoyang is called "the ancient capital of nine dynasties" and "the ancient capital of thirteen dynasties". Among them, the "nine" of "the ancient capital of nine dynasties" refers to nine recognized dynasties, and some people think it refers to many. "The ancient capital of thirteen dynasties" refers to the number of dynasties with capitals. Special note: the historical situation of Luoyang is complex and easy to be misunderstood. 1. Both Shang, Zhou, Han and Wei dynasties moved their capitals many times, and there may be more than one capital in these dynasties, and Luoyang is one of them. For example, Shang moved the capital several times, so Anyang, Zhengzhou and Luoyang were once the capitals of Shang. Anyang is the most famous. In14th century BC, Pan Geng, the tenth king of Shang Dynasty, moved his capital from "Xuan" in Shandong (near Qufu today) to "Yin" and became the political, economic and cultural center at that time. 2. Some dynasties in China had more than one capital. Due to strategic and economic needs, some great dynasties will set up their capitals, such as the Tang Dynasty, whose capital is universally recognized as Chang 'an. Luoyang is called its capital because the rulers of the Tang Dynasty designated Luoyang as their palace and sightseeing place, so it is called "the East Capital of Luoyang". After Wu Zetian established the regime of Wu Zhou, Luoyang became the official capital. Luoyang was once the capital of the Republic of China. During the Battle of Songhu on 1 1 28 and the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, the capital was moved twice. For the first time, it was moved to Luoyang as the "traveling capital" and for the second time, it was moved to Chongqing as the "accompanying capital". Nanjing's status as the legal capital of the Republic of China remained unchanged.
Generally, it is now called the eight ancient capitals.
65438+Four ancient capitals in the 1920s: Xi 'an, Nanjing, Beijing and Luoyang.
65438+Seven ancient capitals in 1930s: Xi, Nanjing, Beijing, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Hangzhou and Anyang.
Eight ancient capitals in June 2004: Xi, Luoyang, Nanjing, Beijing, Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Anyang and Zhengzhou.