Seek the roots for the people of China.
-An observation of Wang Chong's fatalism.
Wang Chong (27 1 about 79) came second. Shangyu, Zhejiang. He was a great scholar in the later Han Dynasty, and his family was poor.
I can't afford a book. Many books are read in bookstores.
In Wang Chong's time, all thoughts were unified by Confucianism. He can write Lun Heng in this unified situation.
It's great to express dissent.
Wang Chong was the star of China's thoughts in the Han Dynasty, just as Song Shu praised it as "extraordinary and refined" in Yi Bei in Liuzhai.
Out of Shangyu, there is no balance between ancient and modern times. "Wang Chong's greatness lies in his unique style and unconventional thinking.
Dare to doubt the past and discuss the present.
Wang Chong's thoughts are completely inherited in Lun Heng. For example, in "Strange Articles", we can watch.
It was not until he suspected that Jimu was born in the footsteps of great men that he said, "The spirit of a noble person is more important than the essence of a base thing. Can it be subtle?" and
In On Death, we can see that when he talks about life and death, he regards the dead as gods and must wear clothes to gather time. People are there.
Ghosts, do clothes still have shapes? Another example is the Virtual Book, in which it is suspected that Kong Yan once climbed Mount Tai with him in order to see the valve. "Feeling empty"
I suspect that Qi Liang's wife is crying about the collapse of the city; In the "language plus", it is suspected that the king of Wu cut the sword and there is something wrong with the bloodless sword; "task
Has nothing to do with the suspected disaster in the report; In the chapter "Commercial Insects", it is said that insect disasters are caused by people's plans. More clearly,
The absurdity of the style of study ... these are all unusual ideas in Lun Heng, which deserve our special attention.
But in Wang Chong's thoughts, he has a disproportionate exposition of fatalism, which makes us feel fatalistic.
Thoughts are deeply rooted in people's hearts, even among outstanding thinkers. As far as Wang Chong is concerned, Wang Chong opposes Confucianism.
The theory of heaven, against disasters, should be personnel-oriented, against the theory of induction between heaven and man, against the theory of karma and against the theory of immortals.
Say, against the theory of ghosts and gods ... his ideas are so broad, but he faces fatalism.
But he won't go on strike. Although he believes in fate, it is nothing more than life and death, longevity, wealth, dignity, happiness and nothingness.
Fortunately, encounter encounter and so on. That these are beyond the control of human resources; Although he doesn't believe that fate can stay.
Predictable degree, although he does not believe that there can be a degree to make a fortune and avoid misfortune, he is actually a
A believer who is similar to "life and death, wealth in the sky" still can't jump out of the outline of fatalism, which shows this kind of thinking.
Want to be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, to what extent! Although the pole is as high as Chong Wang, you will trip!
Double-track struggle
But Wang Chong's fatalism thought is not pure fatalism thought, but to resist another thought.
Enhanced weapons. In the era of Wang Chong, superstition was extremely popular, and Confucianism commanded "the unity of man and nature".
The concept of heaven with will controls the ideological circle. Wang Chong thinks this is unacceptable, so he advocates a kind of
The view of natural heaven has no will, and he said:
Heaven is natural and nature is inaction. ..... Politics is promising and unnatural. Cold and warm articles in Lun Heng)
God, nature, inaction. Blaming others is promising and unnatural. (Renheng's condemnation letter)
"Dealing with political affairs" and "reprimanding" are things that God can do to people. At that time, people believed that God could cure diseases.
No matter what you do, people can feel the sky. Wang Chong criticized this idea, he said:
Confucian scholars said, "Heaven and earth give birth to people." This statement is also true! (on the balance of things)
Heaven and earth are in harmony, and everything is born by itself. Judas and his wife live in harmony, and their children are born by themselves. Everything is born with blood and so on, knowing hunger.
When it's cold, eat whole grains and green hemp. ..... heaven doesn't want to live alone,
This is also natural; If you don't want to do anything for yourself, do nothing. Who says nature does nothing? Qiye. quiet
People who have no desire do nothing and do nothing. ..... People with pure virtue have a lot of weather and are naturally omnipotent. ..... Xi 'an (place name)
Pure people are always yellow. Yellow, yellow emperor also; Old man, so is Lao Tzu. Huang Lao Cao Cao is quiet and does nothing.
A straight body is * * *, while Yin and Yang are self-harmonious. If you have no intention to do something, you can do it by human effort; I have no intention of living, but things have changed. "Yi" yue:
"The Yellow Emperor Yao Shun hangs down his clothes to rule the world." He who hangs clothes hangs his bow and does nothing. ..... "Yi" said: "Adults and
Heaven and earth blend together. "The yellow emperor yao shun's adult also, its virtue and heaven and earth, an old friend knows nothing. Heaven does nothing, and spring does everything.
Summer is not long, autumn is not for work, winter is not for hiding, the sun is for spirit, and everything is born; Yin Qi starts from himself, and things become themselves.
Hide. Dig a well to break the vicious circle, irrigate the countryside and everything will grow. However, when it rains, the stems and leaves of everything are rooted in the sea. travel
Which is better than the well? So doing nothing is great. This does not seek work, so it works; It's not a name, so
Its fame is successful. There are many rainfalls, and heaven and earth don't do it. Gas and rain gather together. ("On the Essence of Balance")
Wang Chong's words, the fundamental purpose is to overthrow the word "so", so that "heaven and earth are strangers", so it is intentional.
Have the will and the goal. Wang Chong overthrew these. Wang Chong believes that the truth is that Heaven "does not want things to be creatures."
Life ",personnel day is no matter.
idol
Wang Chong introduced the word "Lian" while overthrowing the word "Gu". "So" is intentional, and "even" is.
Unintentional. Chong Wang said:
Heaven and earth are in harmony, and dolls are born by themselves. Judas and his wife lived in harmony, and the child was born by himself. The couple were very harmonious, but they didn't want it at that time.
Have a baby. Lust moves together, have children together. Husband and wife don't have children to know that heaven and earth don't let people go. But life.
In heaven and earth, fish is to Yuan, and the sons of scorpions are also born of qi, and the species belong to each other. Between heaven and earth,
It's all true. ..... Heaven and earth are in harmony, and everything is born by itself. ..... How to test? If the sky releases everything, make it look like it.
Honey. Improper orders are also harmful to thieves. Or: "the five elements of qi, everything is born, so everything contains the five elements of qi, five."
The spirit of action is more harmful to thieves. Yue: "Heaven should have the spirit of one line to create everything, so that it can love each other, not the five elements.
Anger hurt the thief. "or:" if you want to use it, it will hurt the thief. Thieves hurt each other. ..... gold is not a thief.
Wood, wood is useless; Fire doesn't flash gold, and gold can't be used as a weapon. Therefore, the thieves are mutually beneficial, and the bloodstained worms win each other and bite each other.
The five elements of qi make cannibals natural. "yue:" all things are born to contribute to each other, but they have to harm each other.
So insects that give birth to tigers, wolves, poisonous snakes and bees are thieves and harm people, and God wants people to use them? ..... everything is a thief, including.
Blood and worms take each other, and as for cannibals, they benefit from their teeth, which are strong and weak, agile and convenient, and brave and heroic.
People are alive, the situation is not suitable, the strength is not equal, and it is self-defeating. If you serve people with strength, you will rob them with a blade. A lady with ...
The sword is a thief, and the thing of Judah touches it with its teeth and claws. If you are strong, sharp, powerful and have long teeth, you can win; Micro-air claw
Short, then all; If you are timid and distant, you will be afraid. People are brave and fearful, so there are victories and defeats in the war. Winners may not be affected by gold, but they will lose.
Those that don't necessarily have wood essence. (on the balance of things)
Wang Chong's ideas of "dolls are born by themselves" and "things are born by themselves" aim to show that heaven has no will.
Because if heaven has a will, it is necessary to create a perfect world. Why should we create a "mutually harmful" world?
Just "lucky in misfortune"
Because everything has no will, there is no reason for the fortunes of the world, just "luck."
Unfortunately. " Chong Wang said:
The actions of mortals are virtuous and stupid; Unfortunately again, fortunately, there is misfortune. Things are right or wrong; There are also rewards and punishments, there are
Sometimes not even. When he was attacked by soldiers, the hermit missed; If it frosts that day, you won't get hurt. Defamation is not necessarily evil, and concealment is not necessarily good.
Hide happiness and slander misfortune. Be loyal, reward or punish; I want to be beneficial, or believe or doubt. Those who admire and believe may not be true,
Punished, suspicious, not necessarily false. Those who appreciate the letter are even, but those who punish the doubt are not even. ("Lun Heng" fortunately)
For example, he said:
There were more than 70 disciples of Confucius, and Yan Hui died young. Confucius said, "It's a pity that my life is short!" Short-lived is called misfortune, then
Those who know how to live long are lucky, but those who know how to live short are unfortunate. Serve the sage's way, talk about the cause of benevolence and righteousness, be blessed, and suffer from bovine diseases.
And Yan Hui, etc., are unfortunate. Ants walk on the ground, people lift their feet, and when they walk, ants suddenly die; foot
You won't get hurt if you don't dance. Burning weeds, caused by cars; Fire does not burn, vulgar or happy, so it is called "lucky grass"
Husband's feet don't follow the trend, fire is not as good as it is, and it is not necessarily good. So it is also true to talk about gangrenous hair.
Yes Gas accumulation, accumulation into carbuncle, collapse into disease, bleeding and pus discharge, is it caused by carbuncle with better health? Ying weizhi
Well, if it doesn't work. Spiders weave webs, through which insects fly, fly or collect; The hunter set out, and one hundred dogs were disturbed, or gained or lost;
Fishermen fish in rivers and lakes, live or die, commit adultery and steal without knowing it, or punish petty crimes and find out. Add disaster gas,
This is also the case. Unfortunately, he died as soon as he touched it. Fortunately, he was born before he took off. (same as above)
These "lucky and unlucky" phenomena are not arranged on a willing day, so what does it matter?
How to explain it?
"It all depends on fate!"
The explanation put forward by Wang Chong is the word "fate". Chong Wang said:
Ordinary people are doomed to encounter accidents and hardships. There is life and death, and there is also the life of the rich and the poor. Ziwanggong
When Shu Ren was arrested, both sages and fools had a head rank, gave up their blood and had a life: life was poor, although rich,
Still involved in the disaster; Life should be rich and responsible. Although poor and humble, it is still blessed and beautiful. Therefore, your life is humble, complacent and rich.
Self-danger. Therefore, if the husband is rich, if there is a god, if there is a ghost disaster. People with expensive lives learn to be alone and act independently here; Mingfu
People all seek independence for the sake of independence. Poverty is the opposite: hard to reach, hard to move, hard to achieve, pain, disease and death,
It is poor to lose its wealth. So there is no guarantee that there will be money; Wisdom is few, morality is thin, and it is poor to be untrustworthy.
Sometimes it's just that the line is high and thick, and it's evil, and it's useless and not advanced; Little wisdom, thin morality, good life and wealth. So, my husband is ignorant in front of things, fuck.
Clear and turbid, sex and talent; Being an official is noble and humble, governing the rich and the poor, and life and time are also. Life cannot be encouraged, and time cannot be done. ……
Seeing that people have a high festival, the common people said, "Tessa is so, why not be expensive?" Seeing people thinking deeply, he said, "Debate wisdom.
So why not get rich? "-you are rich in life, and Fulu is not fighting with you in Tessa, so it is expensive to be rich in Japan.
This can't be done. ..... So it is life, not wisdom; The rich and the poor are rich, not stubborn. Those who discuss things in the world,
With talents as the leader, it should be farmers and businessmen who can go on. Seeing the wise man, who was not in the official position, he was surprised and said, "It must be."
Destroyed by action "; The man who exercised was also ruined: "You need a son to know. ".I don't know, the unity of knowledge and practice is very high.
Fulu has an official position. Wisdom is blessed in doing things in prosperity, and people say that wisdom is bright; When evil comes, it is called stupidity.
Got it. The fate of good or ill is also the fate of ups and downs. On balance and life)
Since everything is fate, Wang Chong's conclusion is: "People who believe in fate can live in seclusion without hard work."
Also sought after. King Jude is in Shanze. This is to tell people that jade in mountains and rivers.
Our pearls are naturally precious, not necessarily expensive, but they are expensive! Life is like this, one.
Just wait, "You can find it easily!"
"Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil"?
Wang Chong doesn't believe that "good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil", because with such a result, it is not fate.
It is a life that can be "begged". Chong Wang said.
Husband's nature is different from that of an individual, or he is good in nature and fierce in life, or he is evil in nature and lucky in life. Good and evil, sex also; For better or worse,
Life is also. Or do good and suffer, the nature is good and the life is fierce; In other words, evil is rewarded, evil in nature and lucky in life. Nature is good.
Evil, life has its own good and evil. A lucky man. Although you don't do good, there may not be blessings; A person with a fierce life is encouraged to behave, but not necessarily.
No harm. On balance and the meaning of life)
The secular saying is:
Blessed people in the world think that doing good is due to doing good, and harming others is evil, and that they have suffered a fierce battle.
Heaven and earth punish it, and ghosts and gods report it. The punishment of heaven and earth is small and big; Ghosts and gods report, known far and near. ("Lunheng" disaster
Virtual article)
In this world, those who do good will be blessed, those who do evil will suffer, and both fortunes should be heaven. Man-made, as it should be. Yanggen
You repay his behavior, and Yin Yi Tian Di repays his virtue. There is no such thing as being noble, humble, virtuous and stupid. ("On the Balance" Fu Xu)
Chong Wang refuted this statement. He doesn't believe this saying that "one good turn deserves another, and one evil turn deserves another". because
For the establishment of this statement, it depends on the connection between heaven and man and God's will. Because he doesn't even admit it.
God is unwilling, of course, I don't believe there will be good or bad luck.
Fight against big superstitions with small superstitions.
After reading Wang Chong's fatalism, we can feel that he seems to be using a small superstition (fatalism).
Theory, to overthrow a great superstition (the feeling between man and nature) theory, a bit like Nietzsche, with a new metaphysics,
Overthrow the old metaphysics. Xiang told him that small superstitions and new metaphysics are indeed better than what they want to overthrow.
You’d better wise up. In Wang Chong's time, with his situation and academic ability, this was the limit he could reach.
Imagine that in the superstitious movement led by the government at that time and the ideological reaction of the imperial examination scholars, Wang Chongneng
Dare to "talk about the secular, feel uneasy", but "live in seclusion, test the truth and falsehood" and "be heartbroken"
Clever, pen and hand interfere "originated in the book, and we have to admire him." -although we are "wise" to him.
Some people criticize him, but there is really nothing to say about his "bravery".
1March 2, 984