1. Understand the meaning and usage of content words and function words commonly used in the text.
The so-called "common notional words" should refer to common words and sub-common words in classical Chinese in terms of word frequency; In terms of meaning, commonly used notional words should be the part with both connections and differences between ancient and modern meanings, and they are the reading guide of classical Chinese. The so-called "meaning and usage in the text" actually refers to the meaning in the specific context.
We can pay attention to three points when reviewing the content words in classical Chinese: First, don't leave the original text (language environment). Second, don't leave the textbook. We must firmly grasp the classical Chinese content words we have learned in class in the past three years, and master their common meanings and usages. Third, pay attention to the special usage of notional words in classical Chinese and their differences from modern Chinese. Specifically, it means different meanings between ancient and modern times, polysemy, interchangeable words and flexible use of parts of speech.
The Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Senior High Schools (Trial) issued in 2000 requires students to master 18 function words in classical Chinese: er, hu, qi, ye, ran, suo, wei, yan, ye, cause, yu, he, zai, ze, zhe and zhi.
With regard to this 18 function word in classical Chinese, when reviewing, students should first review the textbooks, see the induction of the meaning and usage of each function word in the textbooks, form a knowledge network in their own minds, and then apply it to specific articles.
2. Understanding of common classical Chinese sentence patterns
The common sentence patterns in classical Chinese are: judgmental sentence, passive sentence, prepositional object sentence and component ellipsis sentence.
The basic forms of judgment sentences are: ① ..., ... also; Or: ..., ... Or: ..., ... also; Or: ... and. ② Use words such as "Nai", "Wei", "Ze", "Namely", "Cause", "Yes" and "No" to judge. (3) There is no one of the above forms of judgment, such as "Liu Bei is a hero in the world". The basic forms of passive sentences: ① expressed by the word "Yu"; (2) represented by "see"; ③ Represented by "Wei" and "Wei"; ④ Take "Bei" as the representative; ⑤ Don't use the above words, but express them ideologically. The basic forms of prepositional object sentences are as follows: ① The pronouns in negative sentences are prepositional objects. ② The interrogative pronouns in interrogative sentences are prepositional objects. ③ Use "Zhi" and "Shi" to advance the object. The basic forms of constituent ellipsis sentences are as follows: ① Omitting the subject; ② Omitting the predicate or predicate verb; ③ Omit the object; ④ Omit the object after preposition; ⑤ Omit the preposition "Yu".
In recent years, the examination of classical Chinese sentence patterns in college entrance examination propositions mainly focuses on the understanding of constituent ellipsis sentences, such as the 2003 college entrance examination Beijing volume 14 question.
3. Understand and translate the sentences in the text
The basic requirements of classical Chinese translation are: literal translation is the main one, and free translation is the auxiliary one.
Literal translation is the realization of each word. That is, the words in the original text have a foothold in the translation, and the words in the translation have a basis in the original text. For example:
Zheng's men told me to guard the north gate.
│ │││ │ │ │ │ │
Zheng's people put me in charge of the key to their north gate.
The so-called free translation means not sticking to the original text, but translating according to the general idea expressed in the original text. For example:
Original sentence: For three years, I wrote a letter asking for bones.
Translation sentence: (Zhang Heng) worked for three years, wrote to the court and asked to resign and go home.
In order to accurately express the meaning of the text, the scarlet letter in the original sentence is not translated literally, but by free translation.
The steps of translation can be roughly as follows: read through the whole text and grasp the main idea. Read the whole sentence and mark the main points. Translate in word order. Adjust the word order to conform to the specification. Check the corrections to prevent mistranslation.
4. This paper analyzes and screens the information.
First of all, we should understand the meaning of reading materials and capture important language information on the basis of understanding and comprehension. According to the meaning of the text, determine the meaning of the sentence, from the whole to the individual, and then from the individual to the whole, analyze and synthesize, and deepen it repeatedly.
For example, the national college entrance examination in 2003 13:
In the following sentences, it is shown that Pei Ju is loyal to Sui and Tang respectively.
A.① Let all the shops in the three cities put up curtains to supply food and drinks. (2) this person sincerely accept the punishment.
No matter what Chen plays, ... needs to be listened to ... Your Majesty ... is afraid of not guiding morality and propriety.
C.① Every time I meet a polite person.
There is nothing to advise, just flattery and accommodation. (2) everything is so, why worry about the world.
This topic is to examine the analysis and screening of information in the text. The answer is B, the second sentence of item A is only Pei Ju's emphasis on criminals' crimes, the first sentence of item C is Pei Ju's perversion, and item D is Emperor Taizong's praise for Pei Ju's daring to satirize and remonstrate. None of them fit this question.
5. Summarize the content of the article and summarize the center.
This is to examine students' ability to make comprehensive judgments or inferences according to the mentioned events or reasons on the basis of understanding the text.
For example, the national college entrance examination in 2003 14:
The following analysis and summary of the relevant contents of the original text is incorrect.
A. Pei Ju was lonely since childhood, grew up beside his uncle, and became famous early because of his erudition. Both Emperor Wendi and Yang Di appreciated him very much and entrusted him with an important task. Emperor Yang-ti often asked him about the Western Regions because he was familiar with the customs of the Western Regions.
B. Pei Ju is good at calculation, and his heart is only for the pleasure of Yang-ti. In order to brag about his strength to Rong Di, it is suggested to make acrobatics in Luoyi and entertain him warmly to win his heart. Although "people of insight" did not agree with this, they won the favor of Emperor Yang.
C. After the volunteers entered the customs, Pei Ju offered suggestions to Yang-ti, advocating immediate pacification to avoid missing the opportunity; Seeing that the world is going to be in chaos is a long-term disaster for the whole body. Be polite to everyone, but "there is nothing to remonstrate with" Yang Di, "and" it's just flattering. "
D. Emperor Taizong was an enlightened king, but he inevitably made mistakes. He first tried to bribe people and then tried to punish them. Pei Ju bluntly remonstrated that it was unreasonable to frame others, which made Taizong take back his life and was highly praised.
This topic is a summary of the content and the center of the article. The answer is C, C, Pei Ju mistakenly dedicated a skill to Yang-ti. The original text is that Yang-ti asked about Pei Ju's general plan.
6. Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes.
Analyzing and summarizing the author's views and attitudes in the article is actually an evaluation of the ideological tendency expressed in the article. The ideological tendency of the article is mainly manifested in the author's understanding of the events described in the article, his attitude towards the characters written, his judgment of the truth and his evaluation of the theme.
For example, the national college entrance examination in 2003 15:
Throughout the full text, the following understanding of Sima Guang's passage at the end of the article is incorrect.
A. From a historian's point of view, Emperor Taizong can accept good advice, while Yang Di likes to greet people.
B. emphasize "the expression moves with the scene". After Pei Ju entered the Tang Dynasty from the Sui Dynasty, his character changed from humble to noble.
C) Take Pei Ju's "Sui Dynasty was loyal to Tang Dynasty" as an example to illustrate the importance of the king's exemplary role.
D. Enlighten later emperors to learn from the changes in Pei Ju when governing the country.
This topic is an analysis and summary of the author's views and attitudes in the article. The answer is that B. Sima Guang said: "Pei Ju's loyalty to the Tang Dynasty is not due to the change of his nature. If you are willing to smell it, your loyalty will turn into sadness; Junle is outspoken.