Joint-stock system and cooperative system are two kinds of enterprise systems widely existing in market economy, both of which are based on capitalist relations of production and take market economy as the development condition. With the in-depth development of market economy and globalization, joint-stock system has gradually become the mainstream enterprise system. At the same time, in this process, competition and survival of the fittest gradually separated more and more vulnerable groups, and these vulnerable groups created cooperative enterprise organizations to solve their own needs. Because of this, both systems originated in Europe and the regions where capitalism first developed. This is economic cooperation and alliance for economic purposes; In the form of share capital; Both of them have standardized articles of association, which embodies the original intention of different owners of the two systems to set up enterprises; The owner shall be liable for the debts of the enterprise to the extent of capital contribution; Major decisions of enterprises must be discussed collectively; Are voluntary to join, you can also voluntarily quit.
In addition to the above similarities, cooperative system can also be transformed into shareholding system. For example, after cooperative enterprises develop to a certain scale, it is difficult to implement the cooperative principle of democratic management, which will reduce the efficiency and flexibility of enterprises. When cooperatives have the same economic functions and operating mechanisms as social enterprises, the cooperative system needs to be transformed into a shareholding system, which is a trend of the world cooperative movement. The management fields of joint-stock system and cooperative system can also complement each other, such as the cooperative system in the primary stage of agricultural industrial chain and the joint-stock system at the high end of industrial chain. Joint-stock system can also be established by cooperative investment.
Second, the difference between joint-stock system and cooperative system
The essence of anything is reflected and embodied by the characteristics that distinguish it from other things. The essential differences between joint-stock system and cooperative system are as follows:
(1) The subject, purpose and business scope of cooperation are different.
Joint-stock system is the combination of the strong and capital cooperation, and cooperative system is the combination of the weak and workers cooperation. The former aims at increasing capital, while the latter aims at serving itself. So the business scope is different. The business scope of the joint-stock system is a project that can bring returns to the rentier class, and the business scope of the cooperative system is the economic and social needs of its members, such as consumer cooperatives, housing cooperatives, medical cooperatives, cultural activity cooperatives, consulting cooperatives, insurance cooperatives and other very extensive fields. The economic and social needs of vulnerable groups can be solved through cooperatives.
Different governance structures
The shareholding system is a separation of powers, that is, the ownership of the legal person is in the hands of the board of directors, the interests of shareholders are reflected by the shareholders' meeting, and the management right is operated by the manager team. "Separation of the three powers" is conducive to the exclusiveness and complete management right of enterprise assets, to the specialization of management, to the establishment of effective interest mechanism and restraint mechanism, and to the capital proliferation of investors. Cooperative system is a combination of two rights, and its members are both owners and operators. When the scale of cooperatives expands, it is necessary to divide and rule. At this time, even if the owner does not operate, that is, the ownership and management rights are separated, the owner can firmly control the operator through the internal control mechanism, so that it can never deviate from the purpose of serving the members.
(C) different property rights structure
The diversification of property rights of joint-stock enterprises has realized the commercialization, securitization and marketization of property rights, broken the frozen state of capital and created a mechanism for raising capital and optimizing and restructuring for the development of large enterprises. The property right structure of the cooperative system is relatively simple, and the share capital cannot be circulated, so it can only be withdrawn. Members can quit the cooperative when they think that they don't need the service of the cooperative, or the cooperative can't meet their own needs, which embodies the purpose of self-service of the cooperative.
Share-holding system is the concrete realization form of ownership in modern market economy. It can't be said that it is public or private in general. The key depends on who holds the control. Cooperatives are mixed ownership, and the capital of cooperatives includes both individual shares of members and public accumulation in the form of provident fund, which is an inseparable collective property of cooperatives. Although in this sense, the ownership relationship of the joint-stock system is clearer. However, although some of the collective assets of cooperatives are owned by members, no one can infringe on the collective assets of cooperatives in a market economy country with a sound legal system. The existence of collective assets, strengthening the strength of cooperatives and strengthening service functions are beneficial to every member of cooperatives. Cooperatives also have a considerable supervision mechanism to supervise the integrity of collective assets.
(d) The nature of the share capital is different.
Although both are in the form of shares, the share capital of the joint-stock system is capital, and the share capital of the cooperative system is the "admission ticket". The share capital of joint-stock system can condense a large amount of capital and develop huge projects that can not be developed by a single capital. The share difference between shareholders is very large. Therefore, the responsibilities, powers and interests of shareholders to the enterprise are very different. The share capital of the cooperative system is homogeneous and limited, and the members of the cooperative do not have different positions because of the different share capital, which is determined by the nature of the cooperative.
(5) Different distribution relations
The distribution relationship embodies the original intention of enterprise sponsors and the purpose of enterprise management. Therefore, the joint-stock system benefits from the same share and pays dividends by share. The cooperative system focuses on labor dividends, supplemented by stock dividends, that is, profits are mainly returned according to the transaction amount of members and cooperatives. The dividend basis of the two systems is different, which reflects the strength of capital in the joint-stock system and the status of labor in the cooperative system.
(6) Different management methods
Joint-stock enterprises have one share and one vote, and cooperatives have one person and one vote. Both are equal, but the basis of equality is different. The former emphasizes the power of capital, while the latter emphasizes the power of workers. Under the market economy, capital investment is the first driving force of economic activities, and it is legal, reasonable and reasonable for large investors to demand the corresponding decision-making power in order to obtain large returns. One share, one vote is an effective mechanism to protect the interests of investors. Generally speaking, most people who hold "big stocks" are capable people. They not only have a greater sense of responsibility, but also have a more far-reaching strategy, giving them greater power, which is also a powerful guarantee for economic activities to achieve the expected goals. The success of the joint-stock system in the world is an affirmation of the one-share one-vote system. One person, one vote in cooperative system is beyond reproach. Because the sole purpose of a cooperative is to serve its members, each member has the right to participate in the decision-making on major issues of the cooperative, which is the characteristic requirement of the cooperative.
(7) Different social and economic status.
Generally speaking, the shareholding system refers to the modern company system. Joint stock limited company and limited liability company are the main organizational forms of modern company system and the mainstream organizational forms of market economy. Cooperative system is an important organizational form of market economy, but it belongs to non-mainstream organizational form. Because of this, the joint-stock cooperative system is well known to the world, but in some countries and regions, the understanding of the cooperative system is still insufficient. Therefore, the International Cooperative Alliance calls for the promotion of cooperatives to celebrities and young people.
(8) Different application fields
Due to different subjects, different purposes and different status, the application fields of the two enterprise systems are also different. Although there are no strict restrictions in the field of operation, in the field of production, the joint-stock system widely exists in enterprises with intensive technology, high organic composition and large scale, while the cooperative system is more common in the labor-intensive tertiary industry, agriculture and handicrafts. Because the development trend of socialized large-scale production needs an organizational form that can undertake large-scale projects such as canal development, railway construction, high technology, financial industry, etc., the huge function of joint-stock system to mobilize and condense social wealth has formed the micro-foundation for the competence of large enterprises and multinational companies.
The role of cooperative system in agriculture is irreplaceable by any other enterprise system. Because of the extensive agricultural layout, seasonality in time, flexibility in planting, dependence on natural conditions and long reproduction cycle, family management was chosen. At the same time, poor information, high transportation cost, low elasticity of supply, uneconomical scale of household operation, low degree of organization and poor service function make it difficult for agriculture to overcome natural and market risks. On the one hand, cooperatives adapt to the choice of family management by agriculture, on the other hand, they overcome the limitations of family management, realize the docking of scattered small production and large market by thousands of households, and realize the socialization of agricultural production organization and the democratization and scientific management.
From the perspective of handicraft production, such as tanning, brewing, maintenance, furniture manufacturing and other industries, they all have strong manual skills and strict requirements for the selection of raw materials. It is impossible to be completely replaced by socialized large-scale production mode, and even it is necessary to maintain a small production scale to ensure the integrity of technology and the quality and characteristics of products. The organizational form of cooperatives can meet the needs of handicraft producers in raw material procurement and product sales.
(9) Different organizational systems
The joint-stock system consists of shareholders' meeting, board of directors and manager, while the cooperative system consists of board of directors, board of supervisors and member congress, which embodies the difference between the two enterprises. Cooperatives are organizations that combine geography and consanguinity, which are conducive to serving themselves, but the grass-roots functions are very limited. Therefore, the voluntary cooperation of cooperatives from bottom to top is a common form of cooperation in the world. The shareholding system is multidimensional, which can be a parallel combination or a vertical combination.
(10) different degrees of openness
The shareholding system can be freely subscribed and voluntarily transferred, that is, the equity can be transferred by voting with the "foot". Cooperative system is voluntary participation and free withdrawal. On the one hand, it reflects the autonomy and selectivity of cooperative members, on the other hand, it is not conducive to the stability and expansion of cooperative capital scale, because cooperatives are not the only source of profits for members, but an incomplete alliance between independent economic entities.
(1 1) Different social functions
The shareholding system is polarized, and the cooperative system helps the weak and alleviates the contradiction of polarization. The joint-stock system has a complete economic function, and cooperatives are both economic organizations and social groups, with both economic and social functions. Joint-stock enterprises are development-profit-return, and the result of operation is that shareholders get rich or go bankrupt, which is seriously polarized. On the one hand, cooperative system, as an economic organization, pursues the maximization of interests externally, and is the same as prosperity, mutual assistance and cooperation and poverty alleviation internally. American scholar Edwin.