The comprehensive strength ranks first in Latin America. The comprehensive strength ranks first in Latin America. The economic structure is close to the level of developed countries, and the output value of service industry and the employed population exceed 50%. 1967- 1974, the Brazilian economy created a "Brazilian miracle" with an average annual growth of 10. 1%. In the 1980s, plagued by high inflation, the economy stagnated and even declined severely. Since 1990s, Brazil has transformed into an export-oriented economic model. From 65438 to 0994, the government implemented a real monetary stability plan, which effectively solved the problem of high inflation, and on this basis, carried out macroeconomic structural reform and vigorously promoted privatization. After 1997, Pakistan's economic development was hindered by the financial crisis in Asia and Russia. At the beginning of 1999, Pakistan's financial market was violently turbulent, and the government was forced to abandon the fixed exchange rate system implemented since 1994, which led to a sharp depreciation of the currency and a heavy blow to the economy. Since then, influenced by the domestic power crisis, the general election factor and the Argentine economic crisis, the financial market fluctuated frequently, the international economic environment was sluggish, the economic growth rate of Pakistan was slow, and the inflation rate and unemployment rate both rose. Lula's government adopted a prudent economic policy after taking office. At present, Pakistan's financial situation is stable, foreign capital inflows have increased, production has resumed growth, the employment situation has improved, and the economy has achieved moderate growth.
The main economic data in 2005 are as follows (preliminary statistical results):
Gross domestic product: 65.438+93.67 million reais (about 795.7 billion US dollars).
Per capita GDP: 10520 reais (about 4400 USD).
GDP growth rate: 2.3%.
Currency name: Real. 1 real = 100 points.
Exchange rate (annual average): 1 USD = 2.43 reais.
Inflation rate: 5.69%.
Unemployment rate: 9.8%.
The proven iron ore reserves are 25 billion tons, ranking first in the world in terms of reserves, output and export. The grade of iron ore is mostly above 60%, which is an open pit mine. The reserves of uranium, bauxite and manganese ore all rank third in the world. The proven reserves of niobium ore are 4.559 million tons, which can be used worldwide for 800 years according to the current consumption. In addition, there are abundant chrome, nickel, gold and asbestos mines. The proven reserves of coal mine are1010 million tons, but the grade is very low. Proved oil reserves 1 124 billion barrels, natural gas 329 billion cubic meters. The forest coverage rate is 57%. The timber reserves are 65.8 billion cubic meters. There are abundant hydropower resources, accounting for 18% of the world's fresh water, with a per capita fresh water possession of 29,000 cubic meters, and available hydropower resources of 65,438+43 million kilowatts.
Industrial strength and technology rank first in Latin America. In the 1970s, a relatively complete industrial system was built with a solid industrial foundation. In 2005, industrial output accounted for 40% of GDP. The main industrial sectors are: steel, automobile, shipbuilding, petroleum, cement, chemical industry, metallurgy, electric power, construction, textile, shoemaking, paper making, food and so on. Nuclear power, communications, electronics, aircraft manufacturing, information and military industry have entered the advanced ranks in the world. Since the mid-1990s, the production of medicines, food, plastics, electrical appliances, communication equipment and transportation equipment has increased rapidly. Shoes, clothing, leather, textile and machinery industries reduced production.
The output of main industrial products is as follows (ten thousand tons):
2003 2004 2005
Cement 340 1.0 3440.0 3664.9
Aluminum 1380 1457
Crude steel 3115 32913163
Pulp 9 10 953
Cars (ten thousand vehicles) 183 22 1 244
(Source: Central Bank of Brazil)
The cultivated land area of agriculture and animal husbandry is about 6.5438+52.5 million hectares, including 49 million hectares of cultivated land and 6.5438+77 million hectares of grassland. The output and export of coffee, sucrose and citrus all rank first in the world. The output of soybean, beef and chicken ranks second in the world, and the export volume ranks first. In 2005, the output value of agriculture and animal husbandry accounted for 8.4% of GDP, and the total grain output was1.1.400 billion tons. The output of main agricultural products is as follows (unit: ten thousand tons):
2003 2004 2005
Paddy1036.01326.21323.0
Soybean 5203.3 4922.25113.6
Wheat 585.1.581.5471.0
Corn 4741.1.4187.23490.6
Zadou 320.5 297.8 30 1.2
Cotton 136.5 235.0 230.8
In 2005, the output value of service industry exceeded half of GDP. The main departments include real estate, leasing, tourism, finance, insurance, information, advertising, consulting and technical services.
Tourism According to the statistics of the Ministry of Tourism of Pakistan, in 2004, Pakistan received 4.7 million foreign tourists, up by 14% year-on-year, and earned US$ 3.22 billion, up by 30% year-on-year. The output value of tourism accounts for 10% of GDP. There are 7,896 travel agencies, with direct employees in the tourism industry 1.3 million. Main tourist attractions in China: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, El Salvador, Brasilia, Iguazu Waterfall, Manaus Freeport, Black Gold City, Parana Stone Forest and Everglades.
Highway transportation capacity accounts for 60.49% of the total transportation capacity in China, railway accounts for 20.86%, waterway accounts for 13.86%, pipeline accounts for 4.46%, and aviation accounts for 0.33% (statistics in 2002).
Railway: The total length of the railway network is 29,706 kilometers, and the total number of employees in the railway system is 2 1269, with 587 locomotives/kloc-0 and 55,472 carriages.
Highway: total mileage 1.7249 million kilometers, of which the federal highway is 7468 1 kilometer. 3 1.9 million vehicles (1999), of which more than 5 1.8% were produced before 1990.
Water transport: In 2005, the total cargo transport by water was 675 million tons, and the container throughput was 3.9 million TEUs. China has 44 ports and 126 ocean-going ships. The total length of inland waterway is 9403 kilometers. The main ports are: Santos, Victoria, Rio de Janeiro, Paranagua and San? Louis and so on. In recent years, in order to adapt to the growth of agricultural exports and promote the economic development in Northeast China, Pakistan is building a number of deep-water ports with a tonnage of over 10,000 tons in Northeast China.
Air transport: in 2005, the national airport passenger volume1.1.700 million passengers. There are eight airlines in China, all of which are privately owned. In 2002, there were 106 10 officially registered aircraft, including 100 Boeing passenger aircraft of various models. There are 0/50 navigable cities in China, and there are regular flights with major regions in the world. According to official statistics, there are 20 14 airports in China, including 299 private airports, 7 15 public airports and 66 scheduled commercial flights. The main international airports are Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, Recife and Manaus.
Finance and finance are affected by huge debts, and Pakistan's fiscal revenue and expenditure have been in deficit for a long time. In order to get rid of the fiscal deficit, the Pakistani government began to cut expenditure and increase the primary fiscal surplus from 1999. In 2005, the primary fiscal surplus was 93.504 billion reais, accounting for 4.84% of GDP, and the book fiscal deficit was 63.443 billion reais, accounting for 3.29% of GDP.
In 2005, Pakistan's debt balance was 100248 billion reais, accounting for 5 1.6% of GDP. The balance of foreign debt is $65,438++08 18 billion, and the net foreign exchange reserve is $53.8 billion.
Bank of Brazil: Founded in 1808, it is the largest national bank in Brazil, with total assets of 204.595 billion reais at the end of 2002. It has representative offices in 32 countries. 1984 opened an office in Beijing in March.
In recent years, the Brazilian government has made major adjustments to its foreign trade policy. Abandon protectionism that restricts imports with high tariffs, reward and subsidize exports, encourage the improvement of product quality and strengthen the export competition mechanism, announce the opening of the market, and reduce import tariffs on 5,000 commodities. After the devaluation of the real against the US dollar from 65438 to 0999, the export of Pakistani products increased rapidly and the foreign trade situation gradually improved. In 2005, Pakistan's foreign trade reached a new high.
Brazil's foreign trade in recent years is as follows (unit: billion US dollars):
2003 2004 2005
Entrance 482.53 627.79 735.45
Exit 730.84 964.571183.09
The difference is 248.3 1.336.96 447.64.
It mainly imports petroleum, wheat, coal, coke, rice, power transmission and transformation equipment, spare parts for automobiles and tractors, integrated circuits, medicines, instruments and meters, etc. Export soybeans, iron ore, automobiles, crude oil, airplanes, pulp products, meat, leather shoes, steel, textiles, sugar, coffee and so on.
Import and export with major trading partners in 2005 (unit: US$ billion):
imports and exports
United States 128 438+0 227.3438+0.
Argentina
China 53.53 68.34
Germany 6 1.44 50.23
(Source: Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade of Brazil)
At present, there are 1 1400 foreign-funded enterprises in Pakistan with1700,000 employees. The main foreign investment sectors in Pakistan are automobiles, energy, communications, finance, metallurgy, chemicals, transportation and machinery. In 2005, Pakistan absorbed foreign direct investment 1.5 1.93 billion US dollars, and the main investors were the United States, Spain, the Netherlands and France.
Investment of various countries in Pakistan (10 billion USD)
1998 1999 2000
USA 46.9247 80.338+0 53.338+0.
Germany 4 1279 466867
Japanese version: 2.7777 2.47777.19999999875
British 65438+
Italy 6.4660
France18.053919.438+0319.338+0.
Netherlands, 19989.1999999919995
Spain 565438+
Portugal 17
Proportion of foreign investment in Brazilian economic sectors (%)
Service industry 73.2
Industry 23.8
Agriculture, animal husbandry and minerals 3