How to apply Toyota's lean production to office?

In reality, we often pay attention to the lean manufacturing site, but often ignore the improvement of the office. So, how to apply Toyota's lean production to the office? In my opinion, in a technology-based or service-oriented enterprise, the following five steps can be used to create an uninterrupted process:

First, determine the target customers of the processes and the value that these processes want to create and deliver;

Second, distinguish between repetitive processes and unique non-repetitive processes, and learn how to use Toyota production methods in repetitive processes;

Third, draw a flow chart to understand which parts of the process are value-creating activities and which are not;

Fourth, creatively think about how to use the value flow chart of future situations, so as to widely apply the principles of Toyota model to these processes;

Fifth, begin to implement and apply PDCA cycle, learn from it, and then extend to the incomplete repetitive process.

"lean office" is an avant-garde word, and many enterprises have not yet achieved this step. But in many cases, the losses caused by office waste are huge, such as the length of research and development cycle, the pertinence of personnel training, the quality of sales service, the guidance of financial data and algorithms and so on. This will greatly affect the company's decision-making and implementation.