1. Overview of World Cultural Heritage and National Key Protection Units-Zhaoling, located in the northwest of Shengjing ancient city Shenyang, is called Erdene Emeng 'an in Manchu, which means glorious mausoleum. It is the largest and covers the largest area among the three tombs outside the customs in the early Qing Dynasty. Buried here are the second generation of the founding monarch of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, Huang Taiji and Empress Filial Piety (Bolzigit). Zhaoling was built in the eighth year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1643) and was first built in the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1). Later, it was added and rebuilt in Kangxi, Qianlong and Jiaqing periods, and finally formed today's scale and pattern. It can be said to be a pile of buildings. As the imperial mausoleum, the overall layout, single building and decoration of Zhaoling are complete and unique. It not only absorbed a lot of imperial mausoleum culture in the Central Plains, but also maintained its own national characteristics, and skillfully integrated the architectural culture of Han, Tibetan and Mongolian with that of Manchu, forming a unique style different from that of imperial tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the essence of ancient architecture in China and a model of multi-ethnic cultural exchange. The architectural culture of Zhaoling vividly reflects the specific historical development of Manchu and records the evolution of Manchu culture in the early Qing Dynasty. It not only has Manchu's own cultural characteristics, but also shows the characteristics of multi-ethnic art blending. It should be said that this is the inevitable result of the formation of a specific regional living environment and a specific political background. Before the formation of Manchu, it was a tribal economy in the period of slavery, and the level of productivity development was low. It believes in primitive Shamanism and has not yet formed a fixed idol worship and related cultural accumulation. Only some simple and practical objects from life are used as tools for religious ceremonies. This situation makes Manchu culture have a strong tendency to absorb and converge to the culturally developed areas from the beginning. Therefore, all aspects of its architectural culture, such as group layout, monomer, decoration, etc., are also influenced by other national cultural elements, showing complex characteristics. As an important royal building complex outside Shanhaiguan in the early Qing Dynasty, Zhaoling was formed under the historical background of national cultural integration, which inevitably made its single building show such characteristics. This paper makes a superficial discussion on this. 2. The architecture level is incomplete. As a building complex in the early Qing Dynasty, the most prominent feature of Zhaoling single building is that it has not established a strict and clear architectural etiquette system, its grades are extremely irregular, and its practices are chaotic and random, which is extremely inconsistent with many regulations of palace architecture in the Central Plains, which also reflects the characteristics of palace architecture in the early Qing Dynasty from another side. In the etiquette culture of the Central Plains, hierarchy is one of the most important components, and it also permeates all aspects of society. In architecture, whether it is the number of rooms in a house, or the roof form, architectural color, and the use of building components, there is a strict distinction between high and low, and it cannot be crossed at will. All the tombs of Ming and Qing dynasties in the pass have inherited this concept without exception. But in Zhao's mausoleum, this idea has disappeared. In terms of the number of rooms, there are single rooms and double rooms, the fruit room is two, and the Long 'en Hall and the East-West Attached Hall are five. Looking at the use of the roof, the primary and secondary relationship of the building does not strictly match the pecking order of the roof form. Although the Long 'en Hall is the core building of the whole mausoleum, it is only a single-eaved hilltop, which is lower than the Ming building and the Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion. Another example is the doornail on the door leaf of Zheng Hongmen, Long Enmen and Minglou, with different numbers; The hard-mountain entrance buildings in the east and west courtyards outside Zhenghongmen adopt bucket arches and are covered with yellow glazed tiles, while the roofs of the rest hills in the east and west courtyards, such as laundry rooms, are covered with blue tiles instead of bucket arches. These phenomena are saying that although the clansmen have absorbed China culture by the end of tomorrow morning, they have not understood the essence of their architectural hierarchy culture through careful consideration and formal embodiment. 3. Creative application of veranda roof. The physical characteristics of traditional buildings are mainly reflected in the roof form, and their arrangement order is: double-eaved inclined hall, double-eaved inclined mountain, single-eaved inclined hall, single-eaved inclined mountain, hanging mountain and hard mountain. Ding Dian and sloping roof are advanced roof forms in ancient buildings in China, which are mostly used in palaces, imperial tombs and temples. Zhaoling is no exception. The roofs of most buildings in the mausoleum are double eaves, single eaves and cross ridges, supplemented by a few hard gable roofs. It should be said that Zhaoling was obviously influenced by the etiquette culture of the Central Plains. However, if we carefully study these roofs, we will find two completely different structural practices: Shengde Monument Pavilion and Minglou were added during the Kangxi period after the Qing Dynasty, and the practice of resting mountains was palace-style and had obvious gains; The Long 'en Temple, Long 'en Gate, Ancestral Temple and Fangchao outside Fangcheng are another backer-style structure created by Manchu people in the process of absorbing Chinese culture in the early Qing Dynasty according to their own understanding. Manchu traditional architecture mostly adopts the form of hard mountain. This aesthetic formed in long-term practice makes Manchu people use hard gable roofs in a large number even in palace buildings. Later, under the constant influence of Han culture, Xieding Mountain began to appear. However, the structural practice of the rest mountain, especially the closure of the mountain, is irrelevant. On the basis of hard mountain, the external wall column and the newly added external corridor column are ridged. The performance of this mountain-stopping on the facade of the building is as follows. This simplified mountain-stopping practice is also scientific and creative, and it has also become an important symbol for us to identify the age of the building. This practice is not unique. The Ten Kings Pavilion on the East Road of the Forbidden City in Shenyang, the Long 'en Hall in Fuling and the Yun Qi Hall in Qingyong Mausoleum are all similar to it. Because the veranda rests on a hard mountain, it also shows some characteristics of hard mountain architecture, such as the third-order facade; The roof itself does not rise, and the roof truss is large, which is close to the wall1:1; The size of each bay is the same except one point, and so on. 4. Special preference for pavilion-style architecture The single building of Zhaoling is also different from the Ming and Qing tombs in Guanzhong, that is, a large number of pavilion-style buildings are used, such as Long 'en Gate, four turrets and two annex buildings, accounting for about 25% of the total number of buildings. On the one hand, this phenomenon is due to the need to build a castle-like mausoleum. As the gateway and watchtower of the city, their defensive nature is very important. Building high can not only see far, but also meet the ornamental function. On the other hand, it reflects the aesthetic formula of Manchu people's preference for castles in their long-term life practice. The early Manchu people lived in Changbai Mountain in the northeast of China for a long time. In order to protect themselves from wild animals, they gradually developed the habit of loving heights. Although they later moved to the purple perilla valley in the hilly area of southeastern Liaoning, the wars between tribes and between tribes and the Ming Dynasty continued, which made Manchu people form a strong self-defense mentality. They look forward to and defend by building pavilions, which is also a reservation of the original lifestyle. In a sense, the pavilion can be called a disguised simulation of Manchu people's original living environment. As for the pavilion as a storage building, it is to strive for more use space. The early life of Manchu people was mainly nomadic fishing and hunting, and the semi-settled lifestyle made them attach great importance to storing food, so the storage area occupied a huge share in their living space. In order to save land and better store grain, the warehouse is located outside the Daqing Gate of Shenyang Forbidden City and north of Qingning Palace, and there are pavilion buildings such as fruit building, charcoal building and meat building. A specific historical background will produce a specific building, and a specific building will show a specific historical background. As an outstanding representative of the architecture outside Shanhaiguan in the early Qing Dynasty, Zhaoling bears all aspects of social and cultural development in the early Qing Dynasty, and describes and shows that specific and important historical stage to later generations through architectural language, and also creates unique architectural art.
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