catalogue
brief introduction
Implementation reason
basic content
fundamental principle
Basic experience
meaning
process
Specific form
launch
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brief introduction
Vigorously develop and continuously strengthen foreign economic and technological exchanges, actively participate in international exchanges and international competition, replace closed-door and self-sufficiency with internationalization of production and exchange, promote economic changes, transform China's economic structure from closed to open, and promote the healthy and rapid development of the national economy.
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Implementation reason
1. Opening to the outside world is the inevitable result of summing up historical experience at home and abroad.
Deng Xiaoping II. Opening to the outside world is the objective requirement of socialization of production and internationalization of economic life.
3. Opening to the outside world is also the inherent requirement of developing socialist market economy.
Opening to the outside world is an inevitable condition for realizing socialist modernization.
If any country wants to grow and develop, it must be integrated into the tide of world development, and closing the door can only lead to backwardness.
6. The development of China cannot be separated from the world. Opening to the outside world conforms to the characteristics of the times and the law of world economic and technological development, and is an inevitable choice to speed up China's modernization.
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basic content
Vigorously develop foreign trade, especially export trade. ※
Actively introduce foreign advanced technology and equipment, especially the applicable advanced technology that is helpful to the technological transformation of enterprises. ※
Actively, rationally and effectively utilize foreign capital, especially more actively attract foreign direct investment, and set up Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation and wholly foreign-owned enterprises. ※
Actively carry out foreign contracted projects and labor cooperation. ※
Develop foreign economic and technical assistance and various forms of mutually beneficial cooperation. ※
Establish special economic zones and coastal open cities to promote the opening up of the mainland. ※
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fundamental principle
Opening to the outside world is a long-term basic national policy of our country. In order to correctly adhere to this national policy, we must pay special attention to the principle of openness.
A key to opening to the outside world is to treat correctly the achievements of modern civilization created by capitalist society. Deng Xiaoping made it clear: "We should introduce technology and other things that are beneficial to us in a planned and principled way, but we will never learn and introduce the capitalist system or all kinds of ugly and decadent things. Opening to the outside world must adhere to the socialist principles, adhere to the leadership of the Party, adhere to the socialist road and oppose bourgeois liberalization and the capitalist road. We can neither reject all foreign things because of choking on food, thus slowing down the pace of opening up to the outside world, nor accept all foreign things uncritically, and even advocate total westernization in various forms. "
China has always adhered to the principles of independence and self-reliance in opening up and developing foreign economic relations.
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Basic experience
First, adhere to market-oriented reforms and continuously enhance economic vitality. Market-oriented reform mainly means that the market plays a fundamental role in resource allocation, but the government should supervise or provide public goods and services in the field of market failure according to law, which is one of the most important basic experiences of China's reform and opening up and belongs to the direction of reform.
Second, we should actively and steadily push forward reforms and constantly overcome outstanding institutional obstacles in economic and social development.
Third, reform and opening up promote each other, and opening up promotes reform.
Fourth, reform is the driving force of development, and development is the direct driving force of reform.
Fifth, reform, development and stability have a positive interaction, with reform promoting development and stability and stability promoting reform and development. This is a very important experience for China to handle the relationship between reform, development and stability.
Sixth, reform is the self-improvement of the socialist system, and it is necessary to strengthen the overall coordination of the party's leadership over reform. China's reform has entered a critical stage, with prominent conflicts of interest. How to strengthen the unified leadership and overall coordination of reform is very important.
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meaning
The establishment of special economic zones is an important measure of China's opening to the outside world, which has played an important role in absorbing foreign capital, introducing technology, developing production and promoting economic system reform, and has effectively promoted socialist modernization.
Why is opening to the outside world a long-term basic national policy of China?
Opening to the outside world (1) Today's world is an open one. Since the mid-20th century, due to the rapid development of scientific and technological revolution, the industrial structure of the whole world and countries has undergone tremendous changes, the world outlook and human living conditions have undergone tremendous changes, the level of socialization and internationalization of modern productive forces has been further improved, the trend of world economic integration has become more obvious, the links between countries and regions have become closer, and the degree of openness and interdependence among countries in the world has been further enhanced. On this basis, Deng Xiaoping pointed out in 1984 that "the present world is an open world". Opening to each other is not only the need of developing countries, but also the general trend of world development. Judging from the development level of contemporary productive forces, in recent decades, the socialization and internationalization of production have been unprecedentedly improved, and the international division of labor has made great progress. Many products are products of international division of labor and cooperation. Judging from the research, application and development of science and technology, it is increasingly obvious that the achievements of international cooperation and reciprocity have been accelerated, and manpower, financial resources and material resources from all over the world have been used to jointly tackle key problems. From the development direction of market economy, openness and integration have become the world trend, and the domestic unified market has developed into the world market; In contemporary times, any country that wants to develop must open wider to the outside world and strengthen international exchanges. China's policy of opening to the outside world is the result of scientific observation and summary of the development of contemporary world economy, science and technology and international situation.
(2) The development of China cannot be separated from the world. As early as 1984 and 10, Deng Xiaoping clearly pointed out: "It is impossible to build behind closed doors, and the development of China cannot be separated from the world." He emphasized that invigorating the economy at home and opening to the outside world are not short-term policies, but long-term policies. Even if it changes, it can only become more open. Opening to the outside world is a long-term basic policy of opening to the outside world to realize China's socialist modernization, and it is a historic choice for the people of Deng Xiaoping and China to build Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
First, the policy of opening to the outside world is the inevitable result of scientifically summing up China's historical experience and lessons. In the history of our country, the economy and society have been stagnant and backward for a long time, and one of the important reasons is the closed door. Historical experience and lessons show that we can't live without opening up.
Second, opening to the outside world is an objective choice that conforms to the development trend of the world economy. At present, the application of the latest communication technology in the world and the transformation of modern means of transportation make all kinds of communication more and more modern, greatly shortening the time and space of international economic life and making international exchanges more convenient and mutually beneficial; Factors of production such as resources, labor, technology, capital and information are generally brought into the torrent of internationalization of economic life. Socialization, internationalization and integration of production, circulation and consumption generally require countries to open their doors and adopt more open policies. The expansion of the world market requires countries to implement an open policy, which not only develops themselves, but also promotes the development of the whole world.
Third, opening to the outside world is an urgent need to speed up China's socialist modernization. China, which is in the primary stage of socialism, is facing difficulties such as shortage of funds, backward technology, lack of management experience and low production efficiency in the process of promoting the traditional industrial revolution, catching up with the new technological revolution in the world and realizing socialist modernization. If these difficulties are not overcome, the established strategic objectives of economic and social development will be in danger of abortion. To properly solve the difficulties and contradictions in modernization as soon as possible, an indispensable condition is to open to the outside world, participate in international division of labor and cooperation, and develop foreign trade and economic and technological exchanges. Opening to the outside world is an extremely important condition to ensure the sustained, rapid and healthy development of China's economy.
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process
summary
The forming process of China's new pattern of opening to the outside world can be divided into four steps.
Establish a special economic zone
The first step is to establish special economic zones. 1In July, 1979, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council decided to implement special policies and flexible measures for the foreign economic activities of Guangdong and Fujian provinces, according to the characteristics that Guangdong and Fujian provinces are adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and there are many overseas Chinese financial industries, which are rich in resources and easy to attract foreign investment, giving local governments more autonomy, giving full play to their advantages, grasping the favorable international situation at that time and taking the first step to promote economic development as soon as possible. 1980 in may, the central government decided to set aside some areas in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen to carry out pilot projects of special economic zones. 1983 In April, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved the Summary of Discussions on Accelerating the Development and Construction of Hainan Island and decided to implement preferential policies for special economic zones in Hainan Island. 1988 In April, the first meeting of the Seventh National People's Congress formally adopted two decisions to establish Hainan Province and Hainan Special Economic Zone, and Hainan Island became the largest special economic zone in China. The establishment of special economic zones has taken the first step of China's opening to the outside world. Deng Xiaoping's evaluation of special economic zones "is a window, a window of technology, a window of management, a window of knowledge and a window of foreign policy."
Coastal open port cities
The second step is to open coastal port cities. 1In May 1984, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved the Minutes of the Symposium on Some Coastal Cities and decided to open all coastal port cities in China from north to south, including Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai *** 14. 1In April, 990, at the proposal of Deng Xiaoping, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council officially announced the major decision to develop and open Pudong, with the goal of building Pudong into a symbol of modern Shanghai in the century and Shanghai into an international financial, trade and economic center. Coastal open cities are the combination of domestic economy and world economy, and the intersection of foreign economic and trade activities and domestic economic cooperation, which directly affects the development of national reform and opening up.
Establish coastal economic open zones
The third step is to establish coastal economic open zones. 1In February, 985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved the Minutes of the Symposium on Southern Fujian Yangtze River, Pearl River Delta and Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle, and divided the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Southern Fujian Triangle into coastal economic open areas, pointing out that this is an important strategic layout for invigorating the economy at home and opening up to the outside world. At the beginning of 1988, the central government decided to open Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula to the outside world, connecting them with Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai and Qingdao to form an open area around the Bohai Sea. The central government also proposed to form an integrated production structure of trade, industry and agriculture in these economically open areas.
Open cities along the Yangtze River and inland border areas.
The fourth step is to open cities along the Yangtze River and inland and border areas. Since 1990s, the pace of China's opening to the outside world has gradually extended from coastal areas to cities along the Yangtze River and inland and border areas. 1In June, 1992, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council decided to open five cities along the Yangtze River: Wuhu, Jiujiang, Yueyang, Wuhan and Chongqing. Opening up along the Yangtze River has greatly promoted the rapid economic development of the whole Yangtze River basin and the formation of a new pattern of all-round opening up in China. Soon, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council approved Hefei, Nanchang, Changsha, Chengdu, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, Xi, Lanzhou, Yinchuan, Xining, Urumqi, Guiyang, Kunming, Nanning, Harbin, Changchun and Hohhot as inland open cities. At the same time, China has gradually opened its inland border cities, including Heihe, Suifenhe, Hunchun, Manzhouli, Erenhot, Yining, Bole, Tacheng, Pulan, Zhangmu, Ruili, Wan Ding, Hekou, Pingxiang and Dongxing. The opening of cities along the Yangtze River and inland and border areas is the fourth step of China's opening to the outside world.
By 1993, after years of opening-up practice, constantly summing up experience and improving policies, China's opening-up has been promoted from south to north and from east to west, basically forming a pattern of "special economic zones-coastal open cities-coastal economic open areas-coastal and inland open cities-open cities along the border" with wide areas, multi-levels, emphasis and a combination of points, lines and surfaces. At this point, China's open cities have spread all over the country, and China has truly entered a new era of reform and opening up.
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Specific form
1. Utilizing foreign capital and technology is an important form of opening up. China is a developing country, with weak material foundation and lack of construction funds. In order to realize the "three-step" strategic goal of socialist modernization, we must raise enough funds, including domestic funds and foreign funds. According to the viewpoint of international economics on long-term comparative advantage, any society is faced with the choice between current consumption and future consumption. Generally speaking, developing countries are more inclined to consume in the current period, so they can trade across time by borrowing and exchange certain future consumption for current consumption. China is a country with comparative advantages in time, and there are many high-productivity investment opportunities in economic development, so we should actively and boldly use foreign capital. However, attention should be paid to improving the quality and level of foreign capital utilization, combining foreign capital utilization with economic restructuring and restructuring of state-owned enterprises, and encouraging investment in agriculture, manufacturing and high-tech industries. A principle must be made clear here, that is, the initiative to use foreign capital must always be in our own hands. This principle has two meanings: First, the purpose of utilizing foreign capital is to give full play to the comparative advantages of China's market, resources and labor force and improve the quality and efficiency of China's economic growth. Choose advantageous industries around this goal and guide the structure and adjustment of foreign capital; Second, the use of foreign capital should adhere to the principle of "moderation", scientifically analyze our development potential and repayment ability, and generally grasp a reasonable quota to avoid debt crisis. In addition, in accordance with the requirements of the socialist market economy and the rules of the WTO, a standardized foreign investment access system should be formed and national treatment should be given to foreign-funded enterprises. While utilizing foreign capital, we should also actively introduce foreign advanced technology and equipment. Through absorption and digestion, we will accelerate technological progress, promote the upgrading of industrial structure and product structure, improve China quality of enterprise and enhance international competitiveness.
Expanding trade in goods and services is the basic form of opening to the outside world. Classical economics and modern economics tell us that we can gain absolute advantages and adjust the surplus and deficiency through international trade; You can also obtain comparative benefits and save social labor. Export will encourage capital to invest in the most effective areas and carry out large-scale and specialized production for the international market, thus realizing economies of scale. At the same time, it can also promote the introduction of foreign capital, technology and management knowledge. It produces round after round of chain reaction through "multiplier" effect, which promotes the rapid development of economy. Therefore, we should strive to expand trade in goods and services and actively explore the international market. Specific efforts should be made in the following aspects: pay attention to space expansion and implement market diversification strategy, which will not only consolidate traditional markets, but also open up emerging markets and enhance the ability to resist risks. We should attach importance to the improvement of quality, persist in winning by quality, and improve the technical content and added value of exported goods and services. Accelerate the construction of export bases for high-tech products, strive to promote the export of high-tech products, expand the market share of famous brand mechanical and electrical products, and transform the export commodity structure of China from low-tech products with low added value to high-tech products with high added value. It is also necessary to optimize the import structure and focus on introducing advanced technology and key equipment; We should promote the diversification of import of important strategic materials related to the survival and development of the country; It is necessary to establish the necessary strategic reserve system.
3. The establishment of special economic zones is a special form of opening to the outside world suitable for China's national conditions. The special zone is a window of technology, management and knowledge, a window of foreign policy and an open base. By setting up special economic zones, exploring the road of reform and opening up and gaining valuable experience, we can promote the reform and opening up in coastal areas and even the whole country. Since the birth of China Special Economic Zone, its fate has been closely linked with reform, opening up and modernization. It can be said that without the practice of opening up special economic zones to the outside world, it is impossible to form the current all-round opening pattern.
Under the new situation of joining the WTO, we will raise the level of opening up in an all-round way.
China's accession to the WTO marks a new stage of opening to the outside world. In this new stage, there will naturally be new features and new tasks, and new strategies will be implemented. From the new characteristics, it is under the condition of joining the WTO that China has further integrated into the environment of economic globalization, and the competition in the domestic market has been more closely combined with the competition in the international market. From the new task, it is to comprehensively improve the level of opening up to the outside world and participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition on a larger scale, in a wider field and at a higher level.
Opening to the outside world means not only opening our market to foreign countries, but also actively exploring foreign markets. Only if we can't get in or just can't get in, it's not completely open. The combination of entry and exit, entry and exit, is the openness in a complete sense. If the opening up some time ago focused more on "bringing in", we should now focus more on "going out", which is the basic requirement for comprehensively improving the level of opening up. Moreover, with the improvement of China's economic development level, the promotion of modernization and China's accession to the WTO, the conditions for implementing the "going out" strategy are more mature and the requirements are more urgent. It is necessary to encourage and support enterprises of various ownership systems with comparative advantages to invest abroad and promote the export of goods and services. It is necessary to strengthen overall planning, formulate and improve laws and regulations, train talents familiar with international trade, and create a good environment for "going out"; It is necessary to organize state-owned enterprises and other ownership enterprises to "go global" and carry out transnational operations through joint ventures, cooperation, mergers and acquisitions and technology transfer; It is necessary to encourage all kinds of enterprises to "go global" to invest and start businesses, carry out economic and technological cooperation, and promote the export of goods and services; It is necessary to support qualified enterprises to "go global" to carry out foreign design consulting and contract large-scale engineering projects, and drive the export of complete sets of equipment and technology. It is necessary to cultivate a number of powerful multinational enterprises and form an economic aircraft carrier with strong survival and development capabilities. It is necessary to take capital as a link, actively promote the reorganization of enterprises across industries, regions and ownership systems, and form a number of large enterprise groups with independent intellectual property rights and strong core competitiveness through technological transformation and innovation; It is necessary to support advantageous enterprises to expand foreign investment, establish an international production system, sales network and financing channels, and conduct professional and large-scale operations on a global scale. At the same time, we should always pay attention to safeguarding national sovereignty and economic and social security, and pay attention to preventing and defusing the impact of international risks. In this way, our enterprises will grow rapidly in international competition and our economy will mature in the process of internationalization.
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average up
1. Adhere to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world, better combine "bringing in" with "going out", and form new advantages in participating in international economic cooperation and competition under the condition of economic globalization.
2. Deepen coastal opening up, speed up inland opening up, strengthen coastal opening up, and realize mutual promotion of domestic opening up and opening up.
3. Accelerate the transformation of foreign trade growth mode, win by quality, adjust the import and export structure, promote the transformation and upgrading of processing trade, and vigorously develop service trade.
4. Innovate the way of utilizing foreign capital and optimize the structure of utilizing foreign capital. Innovate the way of foreign investment cooperation and accelerate the cultivation of multinational companies and internationally renowned brands in China.
Adhere to the open strategy of combining "bringing in" and "going out"