After more than ten years' efforts, China finally joined the WTO. The purpose of WTO is to promote worldwide trade liberalization and economic globalization, greatly reduce the world tariff level through tariffs and trade agreements, and promote worldwide trade liberalization [[ 1]]. The advantages of joining WTO outweigh the disadvantages for China as a whole, but it is difficult for the supervision and consulting industry to draw a conclusion. This paper analyzes the influences of China's entry into WTO on supervision consulting industry, comprehensively compares and analyzes the differences between domestic and foreign supervision consulting companies in personnel composition and consulting service content, and puts forward the development countermeasures of supervision consulting companies for reference.
First, the opportunities and challenges brought by China's accession to the WTO to the supervision and consulting industry
China's entry into WTO has brought opportunities and challenges to China's supervision and consulting industry. The opportunity mainly lies in that China Supervision Consulting Company freely enters the vast overseas engineering consulting market by using the W TO principle, and fully absorbs its advanced technology and management experience while competing with overseas consulting companies. Therefore, the benefits of "the world" to the supervision consulting industry in China are very remarkable. With the opening of supervision consulting industry, advanced foreign supervision consulting experience has been introduced into China, which can greatly improve the level of supervision consulting industry in China in a relatively short time. Supervision consultation is the product of market economy. Joining the WTO requires China's economy to go global, which will further deepen the reform of economic system, make China's economic system more suitable for the development of market economy, and also contribute to the survival and development of China's supervision and consulting industry.
However, the disadvantages brought by "the world" to China supervision consulting industry are very obvious. The main challenge we face is that the domestic engineering consulting market must be open to overseas engineering consulting companies and must compete with powerful competitors. At present, China's supervision consulting industry started late, and it is still a new thing. There are still many imperfections in supervision laws and regulations and supervision market mechanism. Accordingly, there is still a big gap between the service level of supervision companies and advanced foreign supervision consulting companies. In the market environment of equal competition, China's supervision consulting companies will be at a disadvantage. On the other hand, there are too many supervision consulting companies in China in a short time, and there is a situation of oversupply and vicious competition in many fields. For example, if foreign supervision consulting companies enter the supervision market in China on a large scale, many supervision consulting companies will close down.
2 Comparison and analysis of supervision consulting companies at home and abroad
2. 1 Comparative analysis of personnel composition
In some economically developed countries abroad, supervision consultation has a long history and accumulated a set of scientific management systems. Supervision consulting company is regarded as a highly intelligent service enterprise, which requires higher academic qualifications for supervision engineers and consulting engineers. Most of the employees of many famous supervision consulting companies have master's and doctor's degrees. For example, the famous Rand Company in the United States has 200 doctors among 547 supervision consultants, and 178 masters. At the same time, they also attach great importance to their personal work experience. Many countries require supervision consultants to work in design and construction enterprises for a certain number of years before they can obtain the qualification of supervision consulting engineer. For example, the British Association of Consulting Engineers stipulates that members of the Association must be over 38 years old, and Singapore requires supervision engineers in engineering structures to have more than 8 years of engineering design experience. In addition, they also pay more attention to the cultivation of on-the-job supervisors, especially the cultivation of compound talents, that is, talents who know both economic management and specialty and law. Therefore, they invest a lot of money every year to train personnel and improve the level of supervision and consultation.
The supervisors of China's supervision consulting companies mainly come from two kinds of people: first, retired senior engineers, engineers and skilled workers from design and construction units, most of whom have rich practical experience in design and construction. However, they often focus on professional knowledge and lack comprehensive knowledge in economy and management, so it is difficult to grasp the overall situation and they are not qualified to fully lead project supervision and consultation. Two, in recent years, college and technical secondary school graduates, although they have certain professional knowledge, some of them also have comprehensive knowledge such as economic management, but they lack professional practical work ability and on-site coordination ability, so it is difficult to undertake heavy responsibilities at present. The lack of compound supervision and consulting talents is the bottleneck restricting the improvement of supervision and consulting level in China.
Comparing and analyzing the above, we can easily find that the personnel quality of supervision consulting companies in China lags far behind that of developed countries. Investigate its reason, I think there are mainly the following points:
(1) The starting point of the supervision consulting company is low. The rise of supervision consulting industry in China is not due to the lack of engineering consulting, but to the general decline in the quality of construction projects in the country at the end of 1980s, which was enforced by the state to ensure the engineering quality. Therefore, from the date of supervision consultation, it is limited to engineering quality supervision. Although the country once wanted to make the supervision consulting company a high-intelligence service enterprise like foreign countries, it could not produce the service demand of high-intelligence engineering consulting because there was no corresponding system reform, and it was finally limited to engineering quality supervision. However, these jobs do not require high quality of personnel, resulting in relatively low quality of employees.
(2) The cost of supervision consultation is low. Because the content of supervision consultation in China is simple, mostly limited to the quality supervision in the construction stage, the work is relatively simple, and the supervision cost is much lower than that of foreign supervision consulting companies, which leads to the low income of supervision practitioners and the difficulty in retaining excellent engineering consulting talents.
(3) The reputation of supervision consulting industry is low. Because of this simple supervision task, many supervision companies compete to hire low-quality supervisors, and some even laid-off workers from construction units, resulting in relatively poor quality of employees in the whole industry and low industry reputation, and many excellent supervisors compete to switch to other industries.
2.2 Comparison and Analysis of Consulting Services
In foreign countries, for the construction of engineering projects, owners usually entrust supervision consulting companies to supervise the whole process from the early stage of the project to the completion of the project [3]. The initiation and planning of the project, the implementation of the project and the operation stage of the project all left the mark of the supervision consulting company. The supervision consulting company makes full use of the professional advantages of consulting to provide all kinds of beneficial consulting suggestions for the owners, so that the project can get the maximum output with the minimum investment.
However, the vast majority of supervision work in China still stays in the quality supervision in the project construction stage, lacking the supervision tasks in the project decision-making stage and design stage. Accordingly, most supervision consulting companies only have the quality supervision level in the construction stage. At present, the quality of engineering construction in China has been well controlled, but the control of investment, construction period and other objectives is extremely unsatisfactory, and projects with over investment and over construction period can be seen everywhere. Thus, it is not that there is no demand for supervision and consultation in China, but there are still some defects in the system, which have not reflected these needs in the market economy.
From the above comparison, we can see that the scope of China's supervision consulting service is too narrow, which will put China's supervision consulting industry in an extremely unfavorable position:
(1) It is difficult for the supervision consulting industry to go international. The scope of supervision consulting service is too narrow, which leads to the low comprehensive consulting level of supervision consulting in China, and it is difficult to compete with foreign supervision consulting companies in service quality, thus it is difficult to enter the international construction market.
(2) The supervision consulting industry is difficult to adapt to the development of market economy. The scope of supervision consulting service is too narrow and the business is single, which leads to the poor self-discipline ability of supervision companies and makes it difficult to adapt to the changing market economic system. If the market changes slightly, the supervision consulting company will face difficulties.
(3) The survival of the supervision consulting company will be extremely difficult. With the "death" of the economic system and deepening reform, the specialization of supervision consultation will be affirmed by the market, the demand for all-round supervision consultation in the whole process will gradually increase, while the quality supervision tasks in the simple construction stage will be reduced, and the supervision market, which is already in vicious competition, will become more intense. Coupled with the participation of foreign supervision companies, the management of quality supervision companies in the simple construction stage will become more and more difficult.
Through the previous comprehensive comparative analysis, the author believes that compared with overseas engineering consulting companies, China's supervision consulting companies have the advantages of low labor cost, familiarity with their own national conditions and absolute domestic supervision consulting market share. But its disadvantages are also very obvious: there is a big gap between engineering technology and management experience and overseas companies; Due to over-emphasis on the characteristics of China, the supervision consulting industry is not in line with international standards, is not familiar with international consulting practices, has hardly undertaken overseas projects, and lacks market competitiveness in international engineering consulting. It is extremely dangerous to meet the WTO with the current situation of China's supervision consulting companies, because in a fair market environment, advanced engineering technology and management are the last word, and whoever has advanced engineering technology and management experience may eventually occupy the market. The advantages of China supervision consulting company can hardly resist the impact of overseas engineering consulting companies with advanced technology and management experience. Overseas engineering consulting companies can reduce costs by hiring supervision consultants from China, and get familiar with China's national conditions by hiring supervision consultants from China. However, if there is no good engineering consulting service as the backing, the advantage of China's supervision consulting share will be lost. Therefore, the supervision consulting companies in China are facing great challenges.
3 the development of supervision and consulting industry and the countermeasures taken
Facing the grim situation, China's supervision and consulting industry must not wait passively, but must turn passivity into initiative, seek positive countermeasures and improve the service level of China's supervision and consulting industry as soon as possible. The author believes that we must start from both macro and micro levels at the same time. On the macro level, the state needs to further accelerate the reform of the market economic system, and actively cultivate high-level demand for supervision and consulting services by using the market, so as to urge supervision and consulting companies to actively improve their own supervision and consulting level to meet the market demand. From the microscopic point of view, in the next few years, it is necessary to carry out major reforms on the current supervision consulting companies, actively explore and learn advanced engineering technology and management experience, and enhance market competitiveness. We can start from the following aspects:
First of all, actively absorb and cultivate high-level engineering consulting talents and establish a high-quality engineering consulting talent team. Without high-quality talents, it is impossible to provide high-quality engineering consulting services. On the one hand, supervision engineering consulting companies can cooperate with powerful overseas engineering consulting companies to supervise and consult some major projects, learn and understand their operation mechanism, management techniques and means, and cultivate high-level engineering consulting talents. On the other hand, we can introduce some senior talents who work in famous overseas engineering consulting companies and cultivate senior talents through work exchanges.
Secondly, actively expand the scope of supervision consulting business and implement life cycle project management. [4] One of the main reasons for the low level of engineering consulting in China's supervision consulting companies is that the supervision content is mostly limited to on-site supervision in the construction stage, with a single business scope and low technical content. It is necessary to extend the engineering consulting business to the early and late stages of the project, actively expand the business of project financing, feasibility study, project planning, project evaluation, project operation planning and post-project evaluation, and implement project life-cycle management. Starting these businesses may not be profitable in the short term, which requires us to sacrifice short-term interests appropriately and gain long-term development opportunities.
Finally, actively expand the overseas engineering consulting market. We can take foreign aid projects and overseas investment projects as a breakthrough to expand the engineering consulting market overseas. In this way, China's supervision consulting companies can quickly get familiar with and understand various methods and practices of international engineering consulting, and cultivate a group of senior talents with international competitiveness in a short time, thus greatly improving the comprehensive competitiveness of China's supervision engineering consulting companies.
refer to
Feng Jianbo, Ge Yajun, Li Chengzhe. The Influence of China's Entry into WTO on China Coastal Special Economic Zones and Development Zones and the Countermeasures. World Economic Papers, 20065438+0c2 >
[2] the national supervision engineer training materials. Introduction to engineering construction supervision [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1997.
[3] FIDIC version. Translated by Zhang Zhoukerong. Owner/consulting engineer standard service agreement application guide m]. Beijing; Aviation Industry Press, 1995.
Jaafari, Ali, Maniwang. Synthesis of a Life Cycle Project Management Model [J]. Journal of Computer Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2000，Vo 1. 15 :26-38。
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